Sensory Systems

Question 1

types of senses

Answer 1

• mechanoreception
• electroreception
• vision
• chemoreception

Question 2

two systems of mechanoreception

Answer 2

• lateral line
• inner ear

Question 3

water is an excellent conductor of _____________

Answer 3

vibrations

Question 4

how do the systems of mechanoreception detect vibrations?

Answer 4

sensory hair cells

Question 5

lateral line systems

Answer 5

• canals
• neuromast with hair cells & cupula

Question 6

canals

Answer 6

openings between scales

Question 7

movement of hair cells & capula

Answer 7

creates an action potential

Question 8

inner ear functions

Answer 8

• equilibrium
• sound detection

Question 9

inner ear: equilibrium

Answer 9

• pars superior
• pitch, yaw, roll, acceleration

Question 10

pars superior

Answer 10

• upper inner ear
• 3 semi-circular canals

Question 11

inner ear: sound detection

Answer 11

pars inferior

Question 12

pars inferior

Answer 12

• lower inner ear
• sacculus & lagena with otoliths

Question 13

use of otoliths

Answer 13

useful for aging fish

Question 14

Weberian Apparatus

Answer 14

• 60% of freshwater species
• derived from first verts
• connects gas bladder to inner ear

Question 15

sound production from the Weberian apparatus

Answer 15

fish may produce sound using the bones & muscles of the Weberian apparatus against the gas bladder

Question 16

additional sound production in some fish by:

Answer 16

• bones of pectoral girdle
• grinding of pharyngeal teeth
• rapid beating of fins

Question 17

electroreception in water

Answer 17

resistance of water is low enough for electrical currents to be detected

Question 18

uses of electroreception

Answer 18

• prey detection
• predation
• communication

Question 19

electroreception receptors

Answer 19

• ampullary receptor
• tuberous receptor

Question 20

ampullary receptor

Answer 20

• detection of weak electric fields generated by other organisms
• ampullae of Lorenzini

Question 21

what fish have ampullae of Lorenzini?

Answer 21

• sharks
• paddlefish
• sturgeon

Question 22

tuberous receptor

Answer 22

detection of disturbances to electric field generated by electric organ discharge

Question 23

electric field generation & detection

Answer 23

electrocytes stacked in a series to generate higher currents

Question 24

electrocytes

Answer 24

modified muscle cells

Question 25

weakly electric fish

Answer 25

- elephant fish - knife fish

Question 26

strongly electric fish

Answer 26

- electric eel - torpedo ray

Question 27

vision

Answer 27

- basic vertebrate design - rods & cones - some fish in shallow waters can detect UV light

Question 28

rods

Answer 28

low light detection

Question 29

cones

Answer 29

high light detection

Question 30

ratios of rods & cones vary depending in fish species:

Answer 30

- depth - life stage

Question 31

tapetum lucidum

Answer 31

- guanine crystals - melanoid substances in the choroid

Question 32

eye placement

Answer 32

- generally lateral for wide field of view - upward orientation for surface feeders - double eye in one deep sea species

Question 33

anableos

Answer 33

derived lens for air/water vision

Question 34

periopthalmus

Answer 34

pocket below eye to retract eye for moistening

Question 35

taste buds

Answer 35

- mouth, gill rakers, pharynx - barbels, fins - gustatory cortex

Question 36

gustatory complex

Answer 36

may be enlarged in some species

Question 37

olfaction process

Answer 37

- olfactory epithelium - 1st cranial nerve - olfactory lobe