Reproduction & Life Histories

Question 1

aspects of reproduction

Answer 1

• gender systems
• sexual characteristics
• mating systems
• spawning behaviors

Question 2

semelparous reproduction

Answer 2

• typically diadromous
• all your eggs in one basket

Question 3

diadromous

Answer 3

migrate between marine or freshwater

Question 4

pros/cons to semelparous reproduction

Answer 4

great reproductive output but subject to environmental variance

Question 5

examples of semelparous fish

Answer 5

• Salmon
• Lamprey
• Eels

Question 6

iteroparous reproduction

Answer 6

• most fish
• evens out variance in reproductive success

Question 7

pros/ cons to iteroparous reproduction

Answer 7

have a resonable output but it is spread over time

Question 8

gonochoristic gender systems

Answer 8

• chromosomal
• 98% of fishes
• male heterogametic (XY)
• female heterogametic (ZW)

Question 9

heterophroditism gender systems

Answer 9

• simultaneous
• protandrous or protogynous

Question 10

protandrous

Answer 10

first male and then changes to female

Question 11

protogynous

Answer 11

• most common
• first female and then changes to male

Question 12

unisexuality

Answer 12

• gynogenesis
• hybridogenesis

Question 13

gynogenesis

Answer 13

• reduced genetic variability
• no males needed

Question 14

hybridogenesis

Answer 14

hybrid passes only genome that matches the one it backcrosses to

Question 15

examples of simultaneous hermaphrodites

Answer 15

• killifish
• hamlets

Question 16

examples of protandrous sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 16

Pomacentridae

Question 17

examples of protogynous sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 17

17 marine families

Question 18

example of clown anemone fishes

Answer 18

• groups of 2 large & several smaller individuals
• largest is active female, next largest active male, remainder are inactive males

Question 19

another name for unisexuality

Answer 19

parthenogenesis

Question 20

gynogenesis in unisexuality

Answer 20

sperm activates development of egg but no genetic transfer occurs

Question 21

hybridogenesis in unisexuality

Answer 21

fertilization occurs & true hybrids are formed

Question 22

subsequent miosis

Answer 22

male chromosomes are lost

Question 23

primary sexual characteristics

Answer 23

features involved with copulation or parental care

Question 24

examples of primary sexual characteristics

Answer 24

• poeciliidae pelvic fins form gonopodium
• male sharks & skates have claspers
• male seahorses have pouch for parental care

Question 25

secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 25

- exclusive or differential - appear or maturation - associated with breeding season - enhances fitness but not survival

Question 26

characteristics of sexual dimorphism

Answer 26

- body size, fins - color - swelling and growth of body features - tubercles - body ornament - electric signals

Question 27

tubercles

Answer 27

bumps of keratinized epithelium

Question 28

example of fish with mass release of eggs

Answer 28

- sticklebacks - livebearers - herrings

Question 29

2 types of polygamy

Answer 29

- polygyny - polyandry

Question 30

polygyny

Answer 30

male animal has more than one female mate

Question 31

example of polygyny fish

Answer 31

perch

Question 32

polyandry

Answer 32

female animal has more than one male mate

Question 33

example of polyandry fish

Answer 33

clownfish

Question 34

monogamy

Answer 34

fish pair up together

Question 35

examples of monogamy fish

Answer 35

butterfly fish

Question 36

non-guarder spawning behaviors

Answer 36

broadcast spawners

Question 37

broadcast spawners

Answer 37

- widely dispersed - buoyant - high fecundity & mortality - mass spawning groups

Question 38

benthic spawners spawning behaviors

Answer 38

demersal or adhesive eggs

Question 39

brood hiders spawning behaviors

Answer 39

- benthic - crevice spawners - invertebrates - annual fishes

Question 40

guarders spawning behaviors

Answer 40

- substrate choosers - nest spawners - froth nests - cavity nesters - anemone nesters

Question 41

substrate choosers

Answer 41

male cleans substrate before enticing female

Question 42

nest spawners

Answer 42

- cavity or pit - eggs laid, inseminated, & guarded

Question 43

froth nests

Answer 43

- bubble nest for eggs - eggs developed in air bubbles

Question 44

bearers spawning behaviors

Answer 44

- externally hold eggs on outside of bodies - internal fertilization is female only with a small number of young

Question 45

ovovivparity

Answer 45

- eggs without supplemental nutrition - only yolk is available but eggs are retained by the female for some time

Question 46

viviparity

Answer 46

young get supplemental nutrition during development

Question 47

viviparity in chondrichthyes

Answer 47

- few large young - uterine milk secretions taken up by a stalk of the yolk sac analogous to umbilical cord - oophagy - embryonic cannibalization - placental viviparity

Question 48

viviparity in poeciliidae

Answer 48

- vascularized pericaridal tissue loops around neck of embryo & maintains contact with ovarian wall - other species feed on yolk sacs

Question 49

viviparity in goodeidae

Answer 49

- Trophotaenia - nutrition - respiration

Question 50

trophotaenia

Answer 50

outgrowth of intestine that maintains contact with the ovarian wall

Question 51

alternative life histories in anglerfish

Answer 51

parasitic males

Question 52

cuckoldry

Answer 52

early maturation of males, big testes in small fish

Question 53

aspects of life histories

Answer 53

- fecundity - fertilization - early life history - age & growth - senescence

Question 54

fecundity

Answer 54

- egg size - parental care - body size

Question 55

fertilization

Answer 55

female provides egg with yolk & materials that drive early development & proliferation

Question 56

animal pole

Answer 56

top portion that becomes embryo

Question 57

vegetative pole

Answer 57

where yolk is concentrated

Question 58

external fertilization

Answer 58

gametes viable for a short time

Question 59

internal fertilization

Answer 59

sperm storage

Question 60

early life history

Answer 60

- embryonic period - larval period

Question 61

embryonic period

Answer 61

development entirely dependent on nutrition provided by mother

Question 62

larval period

Answer 62

- hatches from egg - ability to capture food - swim-up stage

Question 63

indirect development

Answer 63

larval stage with distinct metamorphosis

Question 64

direct development

Answer 64

larval stage brief or not definable

Question 65

age & growth

Answer 65

- indeterminate - size classes - scales - otoliths

Question 66

senescent period

Answer 66

- growth has stopped - gonads degenerate

Question 67

why are fish so long-lived?

Answer 67

- reduced mortality = delayed senescence - intermediate growth = potential for increased fecundity with age = delayed senescence