Locomotion & Feeding

Question 1

drag reduction

Answer 1

• fusiform body shape
• reduction of body wave
• reduction of fin surface area
• boundary layer modifications

Question 2

drag reduction: fusiform body shape

Answer 2

• pointed leading shape
• posterior taper
• caudal fin interrupts perfect fusiform shape

Question 3

drag reduction: body wave movement

Answer 3

• minimize lateral movement of head to reduce drag
• increase amplitude as wave moves in posterior direction
• transfer of body musculature energy to caudal peduncle and caudal fin

Question 4

drag reduction: reduction of fin surface

Answer 4

• area of fins increases drag
• permanent & adjustable modifications

Question 5

permanent fin design modifications

Answer 5

• forked caudal fin
• reduced length of medial fins

Question 6

adjustable design modifications

Answer 6

variable erection of fins

Question 7

drag reduction: boundary layer modifications

Answer 7

• boundary layer
• thickness of boundary layer is proportional to amount of friction

Question 8

boundary layer

Answer 8

layer of water immediately adjacent to skin causes most of friction

Question 9

approaches to reducing thickness of boundary type

Answer 9

• smoothing it
• roughing it

Question 10

mucous

Answer 10

slime adds to slipperiness, can reduce drag by up to 65%

Question 11

microprojections

Answer 11

disrupt boundary layer so it cannot grow ctenii, placoid tips, golf ball

Question 12

how are swimming types classified?

Answer 12

• amount of body devoted to swimming movements
• fins used and type of movement

Question 13

anguilliform

Answer 13

• body and caudal fin
• lateral curvature in spine musculature that moves in a posterior direction

Question 14

anguilliform start

Answer 14

lateral displacement of head, & then passage of this displacement along the body axis to the tail

Question 15

anguilliform end

Answer 15

backward facing “wall” of body pushing against the water

Question 16

Ostraciform

Answer 16

• box/puffer like
• sculling action of caudal fin
• no body waves, body remains rigid

Question 17

Undulatory: Balistiform

Answer 17

anal & dorsal

Question 18

Undulatory: Diodontiform

Answer 18

pectoral

Question 19

Undulatory: Rajiform

Answer 19

pectoral

Question 20

Undulatory: Gymnotiform

Answer 20

anal

Question 21

Undulatory: Amiiform

Answer 21

dorsal

Question 22

Oscillatory: Tetradontiform

Answer 22

dorsal & anal

Question 23

Oscillatory: Labriform

Answer 23

• oscillation of the pectoral fins in slow swimming
• sub carangiform for fast swimming

Question 24

herbivores

Answer 24

• <5% of all bony fish
• browsers
• grazers

Question 25

browsers

Answer 25

- selective - eat only the plant

Question 26

grazers

Answer 26

- less selective - include sediment

Question 27

carnivore types of feeding

Answer 27

- suction feeding - ram feeding

Question 28

piscivores

Answer 28

- active pursuit - stalking - ambushing - luring

Question 29

protein diet: carnivores

Answer 29

55% protein needed

Question 30

protein diet: omnivores

Answer 30

35% protein needed

Question 31

protein diet: birds & mammals

Answer 31

25% protein needed

Question 32

why high protein?

Answer 32

- proteins needed for growth of new tissue - proteins moderately energy dense

Question 33

side effects of high protein

Answer 33

ease of NH4+ excretion

Question 34

variations of hyostylic condition

Answer 34

- protrusible mouth - non protrusible mouth

Question 35

types of fish feeding

Answer 35

- autostylic - amphistylic - hyostylic

Question 36

dentary jaw teeth

Answer 36

- long, slender, sharp - villiform - triangular - caniniform - cardiform

Question 37

pharyngeal jaws

Answer 37

- possessed by many bony fish - derived from gill arches - diversifies prey availability & feeding modes

Question 38

The African Rift Cichlids

Answer 38

adaptive radiation via jaw morphology

Question 39

what are the The African Rift Cichlids an example of?

Answer 39

evolutionary convergence

Question 40

how can such extraordinary jaw diversity evolve?

Answer 40

- 1-10 genes affect bony elements in the head - jaw opening & closing