Respiration

Question 1

oxygen in air vs. water

Answer 1

more oxygen in air than in water

Question 2

gills function in respiration

Answer 2

association of gills with heart

Question 3

association of gills with heart

Answer 3

ventral aorta is connected closely to gill filaments

Question 4

types of ventilation

Answer 4

• ram ventilation
• buccal pumping
• agnathans

Question 5

organisms that use ram ventilation

Answer 5

• sharks
• tuna
• mackerel
• billfish

Question 6

ram ventilation

Answer 6

• the power the movement of water across gills via swimming
• they move with mouths open and allows water to enter buccal cavity and then over gill filaments

Question 7

buccal pumping

Answer 7

• nearly all of the respiratory cycle
• this creates a nearly steady flow of water from the buccal chamber to the operculum

Question 8

ventilation in hagfish

Answer 8

movement of the velum draws water through the nostrils and over gills

Question 9

ventilation in lamprey

Answer 9

branchial muscles propel water in and out of the gill openings

Question 10

gill circulation

Answer 10

• deoxygenated blood to gills
• oxygenate blood to dorsal artery
• some blood to nyoidean pseudobranch

Question 11

fish gills _______ the oxygen gradient

Answer 11

maximize

Question 12

flow of water in gills

Answer 12

unidirectional

Question 13

what do divided gills provide?

Answer 13

highly divided gills provide a large surface area for gas exchange

Question 14

direction of blood in afferent blood vessels

Answer 14

afferent blood vessels take blood to gills

Question 15

direction of blood in efferent blood vessels

Answer 15

efferent blood vessels take blood away

Question 16

countercurrent flow of water and blood

Answer 16

a countercurrent flow ensures maximum gas exchange

Question 17

same current equilibrium

Answer 17

equilibrium is reached, diffusion stops

Question 18

countercurrent equilibrium

Answer 18

equilibrium not reached, diffusion is constantly taking place

Question 19

partial pressure of oxygen drives unidirectional diffusion ________

Answer 19

inward

Question 20

partial pressure of CO2 drives diffusion ________

Answer 20

outward

Question 21

countercurrent exchange is affected by metabolic rates of the animal

Answer 21

the delivery of O2 will change based on the pH of fish

Question 22

as CO2 increases inside of the fish …

Answer 22

the pH of blood will fall

Question 23

where is there a higher pH in fish?

Answer 23

higher pH near gills

Question 24

where is there a lower pH in fish?

Answer 24

lower pH near metabolizing tissues

Question 25

Bohr effect

Answer 25

- near metabolizing tissues, pH falls & causes a lower affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen - this provides a higher partial pressure of O2 near the tissues and a greater diffusion gradient

Question 26

facultative respiration strategies

Answer 26

supplement gills when needed

Question 27

obligate respration strategies

Answer 27

required for gas exchange

Question 28

respiration structures derived from...

Answer 28

- gut - head - pharynx

Question 29

additional air breathing structures

Answer 29

- modified gills - labyrinth organs - skin - mouth

Question 30

common Labyrinthoid fish

Answer 30

- Helostomatide - Beta

Question 31

shark buoyancy

Answer 31

- very oily, large livers - buoyant cartilage skeleton

Question 32

as actinopterygii evolved...

Answer 32

lungs lost their respiratory function and became the gas bladder

Question 33

swim bladder functions

Answer 33

- buoyancy control - hearing - sound production

Question 34

swim bladder

Answer 34

- flexible walled, gas-filled chamber, mostly impervious to gases

Question 35

as depth increases, what happens to the bladder volume?

Answer 35

the bladder volume decreases

Question 36

how do fish maintain buoyancy

Answer 36

must add or release air to maintain volume and buoyancy

Question 37

physostomus condition

Answer 37

- pneumatic duct - early ray finned fishes - air can be added or removed from bladder directly through the pneumatic duct

Question 38

Physoclistous condition

Answer 38

- no pneumatic duct - more derived fish - release of gas at the oval gland - addition of gas at the gas gland

Question 39

gas gland and the rete mirabile

Answer 39

- gland cells secrete lactate as a by-product of glycolysis - reduces the surrounding pH, causing hemoglobin to dump estrogen - oxygen diffuses back into the incoming capillary - continues until the pressure of oxygen in the capillary is higher than the air bladder

Question 40

Root Effect

Answer 40

a lower pH reduces the carrying capacity of oxygen by hemoglobin