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Ichthyology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

oxygen in air vs. water

A

more oxygen in air than in water

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2
Q

gills function in respiration

A

association of gills with heart

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3
Q

association of gills with heart

A

ventral aorta is connected closely to gill filaments

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4
Q

types of ventilation

A
  • ram ventilation
  • buccal pumping
  • agnathans
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5
Q

organisms that use ram ventilation

A
  • sharks
  • tuna
  • mackerel
  • billfish
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6
Q

ram ventilation

A
  • the power the movement of water across gills via swimming
  • they move with mouths open and allows water to enter buccal cavity and then over gill filaments
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7
Q

buccal pumping

A
  • nearly all of the respiratory cycle
  • this creates a nearly steady flow of water from the buccal chamber to the operculum
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8
Q

ventilation in hagfish

A

movement of the velum draws water through the nostrils and over gills

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9
Q

ventilation in lamprey

A

branchial muscles propel water in and out of the gill openings

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10
Q

gill circulation

A
  • deoxygenated blood to gills
  • oxygenate blood to dorsal artery
  • some blood to nyoidean pseudobranch
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11
Q

fish gills _______ the oxygen gradient

A

maximize

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12
Q

flow of water in gills

A

unidirectional

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13
Q

what do divided gills provide?

A

highly divided gills provide a large surface area for gas exchange

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14
Q

direction of blood in afferent blood vessels

A

afferent blood vessels take blood to gills

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15
Q

direction of blood in efferent blood vessels

A

efferent blood vessels take blood away

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16
Q

countercurrent flow of water and blood

A

a countercurrent flow ensures maximum gas exchange

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17
Q

same current equilibrium

A

equilibrium is reached, diffusion stops

18
Q

countercurrent equilibrium

A

equilibrium not reached, diffusion is constantly taking place

19
Q

partial pressure of oxygen drives unidirectional diffusion ________

A

inward

20
Q

partial pressure of CO2 drives diffusion ________

A

outward

21
Q

countercurrent exchange is affected by metabolic rates of the animal

A

the delivery of O2 will change based on the pH of fish

22
Q

as CO2 increases inside of the fish …

A

the pH of blood will fall

23
Q

where is there a higher pH in fish?

A

higher pH near gills

24
Q

where is there a lower pH in fish?

A

lower pH near metabolizing tissues

25
Q

Bohr effect

A
  • near metabolizing tissues, pH falls & causes a lower affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
  • this provides a higher partial pressure of O2 near the tissues and a greater diffusion gradient
26
Q

facultative respiration strategies

A

supplement gills when needed

27
Q

obligate respration strategies

A

required for gas exchange

28
Q

respiration structures derived from…

A
  • gut
  • head
  • pharynx
29
Q

additional air breathing structures

A
  • modified gills
  • labyrinth organs
  • skin
  • mouth
30
Q

common Labyrinthoid fish

A
  • Helostomatide
  • Beta
31
Q

shark buoyancy

A
  • very oily, large livers
  • buoyant cartilage skeleton
32
Q

as actinopterygii evolved…

A

lungs lost their respiratory function and became the gas bladder

33
Q

swim bladder functions

A
  • buoyancy control
  • hearing
  • sound production
34
Q

swim bladder

A
  • flexible walled, gas-filled chamber, mostly impervious to gases
35
Q

as depth increases, what happens to the bladder volume?

A

the bladder volume decreases

36
Q

how do fish maintain buoyancy

A

must add or release air to maintain volume and buoyancy

37
Q

physostomus condition

A
  • pneumatic duct
  • early ray finned fishes
  • air can be added or removed from bladder directly through the pneumatic duct
38
Q

Physoclistous condition

A
  • no pneumatic duct
  • more derived fish
  • release of gas at the oval gland
  • addition of gas at the gas gland
39
Q

gas gland and the rete mirabile

A
  • gland cells secrete lactate as a by-product of glycolysis
  • reduces the surrounding pH, causing hemoglobin to dump estrogen
  • oxygen diffuses back into the incoming capillary
  • continues until the pressure of oxygen in the capillary is higher than the air bladder
40
Q

Root Effect

A

a lower pH reduces the carrying capacity of oxygen by hemoglobin

Ichthyology (16 decks)

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