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Ichthyology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what does homeostasis involve?

A

it involves keeping conditions within tightly regulated physiological tolerance limits

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2
Q

endocrine system

A

regulates most physiological systems associated with maintaining homeostasis

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3
Q

is the fish endocrine system similar to that of other vertebrates?

A

yes

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4
Q

endocrine disrupting compounds in fishes

A

synthetic estrogen in birth control

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5
Q

primary concerns of homeostasis

A
  • temperature
  • osmoregulation
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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls immediate involuntary functions

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7
Q

functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A
  • internal organ function
  • heart rate & blood pressure
  • blood flow through gills
  • gas bladder volume
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8
Q

temperature regulators

A
  • ectotherms
  • endotherms
  • heterotherms
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9
Q

ectothermic organisms

A
  • most inverts
  • fishes
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
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10
Q

endothermic organisms

A
  • birds
  • mammals
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11
Q

heterothermic organisms

A

large pelagic species

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12
Q

heterothermy: heat generation

A

heat generated by swimming activity or heater organs

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13
Q

heterothermy: heat retention

A

heat is retained by countercurrent exchange

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14
Q

the special case of the Opah

A
  • pectoral muscles & eye muscles to produce heat
  • fatty layer insulates gills, internal organs, and head
  • rete mirable isolates warm blood from cold gills
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15
Q

how fish deal with low temperatures

A
  • decreased metabolism & higher oxygen levels
  • biological antifreeze molecules
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16
Q

antifreeze molecules

A

proteins or glycoproteins bring the internal freezing point below zero

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17
Q

low temperature fish

A
  • antarctic fish
  • smelt
  • northern cod
18
Q

what do varying temperatures create a problem for?

A

protein structure

19
Q

heat shock proteins

A

keep proteins from denaturing at high temperatures

20
Q

isozymes

A
  • alternative enzymes produced by different genes
  • switched on or off at different temperatures
21
Q

allozymes

A
  • alternative products produced by different alleles at the same gene
  • different populations of a species may exhibit different allozymes that increase their fitness in regional temperatures
22
Q

thermal preference in fish

A

thermal preference drives fishes to select environmental temperatures at which they can function

23
Q

things affecting thermal preference

A
  • power plant cooling systems
  • hydroelectric dams affect this
24
Q

freshwater fish are generally _________ to their environment

A

hyperosmotic

25
Q

marine fish are generally _________ to their environment

A

hypo-osmotic

26
Q

stenohaline

A

tolerate a limited range of osmolarity (limited regulation)

27
Q

euryhaline

A

tolerate a wide range of osmolarity (osmoregulators)

28
Q

two systems for regulating osmolarity

A
  • gills
  • kidneys
29
Q

gills regulating osmolarity

A
  • especially important for nitrogenous wastes
  • chloride cells may also transport Cl- ions
30
Q

kidneys regulating osmolarity

A

regulation of water, salts, and ions

31
Q

renal tubule function

A
  • filtration
  • selective reabsorption
  • selective secretion
32
Q

osmoconformers

A
  • concentrations about the same as their environment
  • live in an osmotically & thermally stable environment
33
Q

example of osmoconformers

A

hagfishes

34
Q

salt supplementers

A
  • high urea content & TMAO
  • low permeability to Na+, Cl-
35
Q

salt supplementers

A

marine elasmobranches

36
Q

sharks as salt supplementers

A
  • sharks retain urea, which makes them hyper-osmotic to sea water
  • this causes water to diffuse in
37
Q

hyper-osmotics

A
  • tend to loose water, replace via drinking & eating
  • chloride cells in gills pump out salts
38
Q

examples of hypo-osmotic organisms

A

marine teleosts

39
Q

hyperosmotics

A
  • excrete large volumes of water
  • gill chloride cells pump in salts
  • often euryhaline
40
Q

hyperosmotic organisms

A

freshwater fish

41
Q

chloride cells in freshwater fish

A

remove divalent ions: bicarbonate and ammonium

42
Q

chloride cells in saltwater fish

A

larger chloride cells

Ichthyology (16 decks)

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