Internal Anatomy

Question 1

phylum chordata characteristics

Answer 1

• notochord
• pharyngeal gills
• dorsal hollow nerve chord
• post anal tail

Question 2

muscle tissue

Answer 2

• skeletal, smooth, cardiac
• myomeres organized laterally on the body

Question 3

subdivisions of skeletal muscle

Answer 3

• white
• red

Question 4

white (fast) muscle fibers blood supply

Answer 4

poor blood supply

Question 5

most prominent muscle tissue in fish

Answer 5

skeletal

Question 6

do white (fast) muscle fibers have myoglobin

Answer 6

no myoglobin

Question 7

white (fast) muscle fibers metabolism

Answer 7

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 8

anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 8

• species repay oxygen debt by aerobic conversion of lactate to glycogen & glucose in red muscle, heart, and liver
• recovery can take hours
• glycolysis is fast but provides lower ATP production

Question 9

white (fast) muscle fibers: fish speed

Answer 9

bursts of speed when catching prey or escaping predators

Question 10

red (slow) muscle fibers blood supply

Answer 10

highly vascularized

Question 11

do red (slow) muscle fibers have myoglobin?

Answer 11

myoglobin present which caused red color

Question 12

red (slow) muscle fibers metabolism

Answer 12

aerobic metabolism

Question 13

red (slow) muscle fibers: fish speed

Answer 13

slow sustained swimming

Question 14

why are red muscle fibers used for slower swimming?

Answer 14

because the reaction includes glycolysis, TCA cycle, & electron transport

Question 15

blood vessels of the gills: Agnathans

Answer 15

7-14

Question 16

blood vessels of the gills: Chondrichthyes

Answer 16

mostly 4

Question 17

blood vessels of the gills: bony fish

Answer 17

4

Question 18

opercular apparatus

Answer 18

protects the underlying gill arches

Question 19

brachio-hyoid apparatus

Answer 19

floor of the mouth & support for the gills

Question 20

what parts are included in the brachio-hyoid apparatus?

Answer 20

• gill arches
• gill rakers
• pharyngeal teeth
• supporting bones

Question 21

alimentary canal

Answer 21

tube that stretches from mouth to anus for digestion & absorption

Question 22

spiral valve

Answer 22

Chondrichthyes have a spiral valve in the intestine to increase surface area

Question 23

after ingestion of food, gut is responsible for:

Answer 23

• digestion
• absorption

Question 24

digestion

Answer 24

breaking down food into small, simple molecules with the use of acids and enzymes

Question 25

absorption

Answer 25

taking molecules into blood

Question 26

digestion is accomplished in...

Answer 26

- stomach - pyloric caeca - intestine

Question 27

stomach

Answer 27

- low pH - HCl and other acids - proteolytic enzymes

Question 28

pyloric caeca

Answer 28

involved in absorption &/or digestion

Question 29

intestine chemistry

Answer 29

- alkaline - proteolytic enzymes - amylases - lipases

Question 30

intestines functions

Answer 30

- diffusion into mucosal cells - phagocytosis by mucosal cells - active transport via carrier molecules

Question 31

two types of gas bladders

Answer 31

- physostomus - physocistous

Question 32

physostomus gas bladder

Answer 32

open, directly connected to esophagus and stomach

Question 33

physocistous swim bladder

Answer 33

- not connected to digestive system - closely associated with circulatory system so gases can be transferred to circulatory system to swim bladder & vice verse

Question 34

gonads: testes

Answer 34

- internal, paired - usually <12% of body weight

Question 35

testes in Agnathans

Answer 35

single sperm shed into peritoneal cavity and out through the urogential papilla

Question 36

testes in Chondrichthyes

Answer 36

internal fertilization

Question 37

Chondrichthyes sex organ

Answer 37

claspers

Question 38

gonads: bony fish

Answer 38

- both internal & external fertilization - specialized structures for sperm transfer

Question 39

ovaries

Answer 39

as much as 30-70% of the body weight

Question 40

fish brain size

Answer 40

1/5 the size of a bird or mammal

Question 41

telecephalon

Answer 41

- cerebrum in tetrapods - olfactory

Question 42

diencephalon

Answer 42

- homeostasis & endocrine - pineal body

Question 43

mesencephalon

Answer 43

vision

Question 44

metencephalon

Answer 44

muscle tone and swimming

Question 45

myelenecepahion, brain stem, medulla oblongata

Answer 45

relay station for sensory systems