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Ichthyology > Diversity and Systematics > Flashcards

Diversity and Systematics Flashcards

1
Q

what is a fish? (rough definition)

A

a poikilotherm, aquatic chordate with appendages developed as fins, whose chief respiratory organs are gills and whose body is usually covered with scales

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2
Q

poikilotherm

A

an organism that regulates its body temperature by behavioral means

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3
Q

behavioral means of body temperature regulation

A

basking or burrowing

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4
Q

fish diversity in different water types

A
  • freshwater 41.2%
  • marine 58.2%
  • diadromous 0.6%
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5
Q

diadromous

A

live or reproduce in fresh or salt water depending on the season of sampling

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6
Q

properties of water

A
  • density
  • water is nearly incompressible
  • nearly universal solvent
  • low light penetration
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7
Q

density as a property of water

A
  • structural support
  • fish are neutrally buoyant, energy directed toward swimming
  • streamlined shape of fish reduces resistance
  • water resists motion
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8
Q

how fish use water being nearly incompressible

A
  • used by fish in lateral line system for hearing
  • suction feeding and respiration creates negative pressure
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9
Q

negative pressure

A

forces water into buccal cavity over the gills

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10
Q

water as a universal solvent

A
  • water contains dissolved gases and nutrients
  • 1 to 8 ml of O2 per liter of water
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11
Q

low light penetration

A
  • light penetrates to about 1000m
  • photic zone
  • wavelengths are differentially absorbed
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12
Q

photic zone

A

portion of water column with enough light for photosynthesis

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13
Q

taxonomy definition

A

theory and practice of describing biodiversity

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14
Q

taxonomy characteristics

A
  • arranging it into a system of classification
  • devising identification keys
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15
Q

natural classification

A

best represents the phylogenetic history of an organism and its relatives

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16
Q

alpha taxonomy

A

species descriptions based on unique characteristics

17
Q

beta taxonomy

A

arrangement of species into a system of classification

18
Q

merisitic characteristics definition

A

countable morphological structures

19
Q

merisitic characteristic examples

A
  • lateral line scales
  • spines
  • rays
  • gill rakers
20
Q

gill rakers

A

catch plankton and filter them down throat

21
Q

morphometric characteristics definition

A

measurable morphological structures

22
Q

morphometric characteristic examples

A
  • standard length
  • fin length
  • head length
  • eye diameter
23
Q

standard length

A
  • measured from mouth to start of tail
  • commonly used to measure fish
  • often occur in ratios
24
Q

other alpha taxonomy characteristics

A
  • anatomical
  • color / pattern
  • sexual dimorphism
  • cytological
  • molecular
25
Q

types of species

A
  • allopatric
  • parapatric
  • sympatric
26
Q

phylogeny

A

a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

27
Q

systematics

A

organized, hierarchical system of names and evolutionary hypotheses associated with those names

28
Q

cladistic characteristics

A
  • piesiomorphes
  • apomorphes
  • synapomorphies
29
Q

piesiomorphes

A

ancestral traits

30
Q

apomorphves

A

derived traits

31
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared derived traits

32
Q

cladogram

A
  • phylogenetic tree using cladistics
  • branching order
33
Q

sister taxa

A

came from branches in common ancestors

34
Q

phylograms

A
  • statistical diagrams used in molecular phylogeny
  • magnitude of evolutionary change shown by the length of the branch
35
Q

type specimens

A
  • holotype
  • paratype
36
Q

holotype

A

the single specimen on which the description of a species is based

37
Q

paratype

A

additional specimens used in the description of a new species

38
Q

splitting and lumping

A

create a need for renaming species

39
Q

principal of priority

A
  • senior synonyms
  • junior synonyms

Ichthyology (16 decks)

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