Sensory Physiology Flashcards by Butch Cabatu

Specific sensations, specific receptors

Differential Sensitivity

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Specific sensations, specific pathways

Labeled line principle

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Change in a way a receptor responds to sequential or prolonged stimulation

Adaptation

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For continuous stimulus strength (detects steady stimulus)

Slowly-adapting receptor (Tonic Receptors)

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Slowly-adapting receptor (Tonic Receptors)

Muscle spindle, Golgi tendon, slow pain receptor, baroreceptor, chemoreceptors

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For detecting change in stimulus strength (detects onset and offset of stimulus)

Rapidly-adapting Receptors (Phasic Receptors)

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Rapidly-adapting Receptors (Phasic Receptors)

Pacing an Corpuscle

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Receptor potential in a Pacinian Corpuscle

If depolarizing, brings the membrane potential closer to threshold

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Smaller receptive field with well-defined border

Type 1

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Wider receptive field with poorly-defined borders

Type 2

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2 point discrimination receptor?

Type 1 receptor field

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Stationary

Merkel’s

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Moving

Me issuers

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Touch & pressure in the skin

Free Nerve Endings

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Movement of objects & low frequency vibration

In non-hairy skin esp. Fingertips and lips

Meissner’s Corpuscle (FA1)

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Gives steady-state signals for continuous touch
Localizing touch sensation and to determine texture
Combine to form Dome Receptors
Expanded tip tactile receptor

Merkel’s Disc (SA1)

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Movement of object on the skin

Hair-end organ

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Heavy & prolonged touch (pressure) and to signal degree of joint rotation
In deep skin, internal tissues & joint capsules, multi-branched, encapsulated, slowly-adapting

Ruffini’s end organs (SA2)

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Detects high-frequency vibration

Onion-like structure in skin & deep fascia

Pacinian Corpuscles (FA2)

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Transducers stimulus to electrical signal

Sensory Receptors

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Cell Body: Dorsal Root or Cranial Nerve Ganglia

First-Order Neurons

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Cell Body: Spinal Cord or Brainstem

Second-Order Neurons

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Cell Body:Thalamus

Third ORder Neurons

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Cell body: Sensory Cortex

Fourth-Order Neurons

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Uses large myelinated fibers (group II), conduction velocity 30-110 m/s

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

cRosses near the medulla

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

Uses smaller myelinated fibers (group III, IV) 8-40 m/s

Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)

Relay station for sensation

Thalamus

VPL nuclei

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

VPM

TrigeminoThalamic pathway

VPI nuclei

Anterolateral system

Neurotransmitters for pain

Glutamate & substance P

Fast pain

Aka first/sharp/pricking/acute/electric pain

Type A delta fibers

Fast pain

Neurotransmitter for Fast Pain

Glutamate

Slow Pain

Aka second/aching/throbbing/nauseous/chronic pain

Type C fiber

Slow pain

Neurotransmitter for Slow Pain

Substance P

Due to sharing of 2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of visceral pain fibers and skin pain fibers

Referred pain

Warmth Receptors

Free nerve endings, Type C fibers

Cold Receptors

Type A delta fibers, some Type C

Pain Receptors

<15 deg C or > 43 deg C

Distant objects

Lens should be flat Tensed suspensions ligament Relaxed ciliary muscle

Nearby Objects

Lens should be spherical Relaxed suspensions ligament Contracted ciliary muscles

Gelatinous with little flow | Behind the lens

Vitreous Humor

Produced by Ciliary body Exits into Canal of Schlemm Free flowing Main determinant of IOP

Aqueous Humor

Flow of Aqueous Humor

Ciliary body - posterior chamber - pupil - anterior chamber - trabecular mesh work - anterior chamber angle - canal of Schlemm - uveoscleral veins

Area of central vision with slight thickening and pale color

Macula Lutea

Depression in macula Lutea with the highest visual resolution (highest cone density)

Fovea

Lacks rods & cones (anatomic blind spot)

Optic Disk

What do you call the protrusion of the optic disc into the vitreous space due to increased ICP?

Papillae a

Daylight

Cones

Dark

Rods

Converts 11-cigs retinal to all-trans retinal

Pigment epithelium

Absorb stray light and preventing light from scattering

Pigment epithelium

Absorb in Optic Disk; synapses with bipolar cells

Rods & Cones

Interneuron that connects Rods & Cones with Ganglion Cells Contrast Detectors

Bipolar cells

Inter neurons that form local circuits with bipolar cells

Amacrine cells, Horizontal cells

Retinal glial cell | Maintains internal geometry of the retina ganglion cell

Mueller Cells

P cells

Color, form, fine details

M Cells

Illumination, movement

W Cells

Unknown function

Cutting of structure on the left side causes total blindness in the left eye?

Optic nerve

Causes bitemporal hemianopsia

Optic chasm

Cutting which structure on the left causes right homonymous hemianopsia?

Optic tract

Lesion on which structure on the left causes superior right homonymous quadrant anoxia

Meyer's/temporal loop

Lesion on which on the left causes inferior right homonymous quadrant anoxia

Parietal lobe

Lesion on which structure on the left causes inferior right homonymous hemianopsia

Geniculocalcarine tract

Lesion on which structure on the left causes right homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing

Calcarine fissure

Total loss of vision in the right eye

Optic nerve

Non-homonymous bitemporal hemianopsia

Optic chiasm

Contra lateral (left) homonymous hemianopsia

Optic tract

Superior left homonymous quadrant anoxia

Temporal lobe (Meyer's Loop)

Inferior left homonymous quadrantanopia

Parietal Lobe

Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopia

Geniculocalcarine tract

Superior left homonymous quadrantanopia (with macular sparing)

Inferior bank of calcarine fissure

Inferior left homonymous quadrantanopia (with macular sparing)

Superior bank of calcarine fissure

Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopia (with macular sparing)

Both banks of calcarine fissure

Which type of cell in the visual cortex responds best to a moving bar of light?

Complex

Which type of cell in the visual cortex responds best to a stationary bar of light?

Simple

Which type of cell in the visual cortex responds best to lines, curves and angles?

Hyper complex

``` All of the following are found in the visual cortex except? A. Simple cells B. Complex C. Hypercomplex D. Bipolar cells ```

Bipolar cells

Which of the following. Is a step in photoreceptors in the rods?

Metarhodopsin II activates transduction

All of the following processes in photoreceptors are correct except? A. Light converts 11-cis rhodopsin to all trans rhodopsin B. Metarhodopsin II activates transducin C. Transducin activates phosphodiesterase decreasing cGMP D. CGMP decreases closing Na channels causing the membrane to depolarize

D. Hyperpolarizes

Light rays converge in front of the retina (long eyeball)

Myopia (biconcave lens)

Light rays converge behind of the retina (short eyeball)

Hyperopia (convex lens)

Irregular curvature of the cornea

Astigmatism (cylindrical lens)

Age-related loss of accommodation (near point moves farther away)

Presbyopia (convex lens)

First sign of Vitamin A deficiency

Nyctalopia

Normal vision

Emmetropia

Biconcave lens

Myopia

Convex lens

Hyperopia | Presbyopia

Cylindrical lens

Astigmatism

Sound pressure

Decibels

Sound frequency

Hertz

What is the age-related progressive sensorineural hearing loss?

Presbycusis

Occupational hearing loss occurs after >10 year exposure to which sound pressure

>85 dB

What sound pressure causes pain & possible permanent damage?

120 dB

Conversation

60 dB

Workplace 8 hours

>85-90 dB

Occupational hearing loss | Sx after 10 years

>90 dB

OHL | Irreversible sensory neural hearing loss

100-110 dB

For sound collection, localization

Pinnacle

Impedance matching

Auditory ossicles

Endolymph

Scalia media, high in potassium

Peri lymph

Scalia vestibule, scalar tympani, high sodium

What are the two muscles found in the middle ear?

``` Tensor tympani (malleus) StaOedipus (stapes) ```

What is the connection between outer & middle ear?

Eustachian tube

What is the function of the middle ear?

Impedance matching

What is the function of the attenuation reflex?

Protects cochlea from loud/damaging sounds Masks background noise

Otoliths organs

Utricle & saccule

For linear acceleration & sometime angular acceleration

Utricle & Saccule

Anterior, posterior, lateral canals

Semicircular Canals

For angular acceleration

Semicircular canals

Located on anterior and lateral part of the tongue

Fungi form & Foliate papillae

Located at the base of the tongue

Circumvallate papillae