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mic cabatu Physiology > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Specific sensations, specific receptors

A

Differential Sensitivity

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2
Q

Specific sensations, specific pathways

A

Labeled line principle

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3
Q

Change in a way a receptor responds to sequential or prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

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4
Q

For continuous stimulus strength (detects steady stimulus)

A

Slowly-adapting receptor (Tonic Receptors)

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5
Q

Slowly-adapting receptor (Tonic Receptors)

A

Muscle spindle, Golgi tendon, slow pain receptor, baroreceptor, chemoreceptors

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6
Q

For detecting change in stimulus strength (detects onset and offset of stimulus)

A

Rapidly-adapting Receptors (Phasic Receptors)

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7
Q

Rapidly-adapting Receptors (Phasic Receptors)

A

Pacing an Corpuscle

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8
Q

Receptor potential in a Pacinian Corpuscle

A

If depolarizing, brings the membrane potential closer to threshold

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9
Q

Smaller receptive field with well-defined border

A

Type 1

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10
Q

Wider receptive field with poorly-defined borders

A

Type 2

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11
Q

2 point discrimination receptor?

A

Type 1 receptor field

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12
Q

Stationary

A

Merkel’s

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13
Q

Moving

A

Me issuers

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14
Q

Touch & pressure in the skin

A

Free Nerve Endings

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15
Q

Movement of objects & low frequency vibration

In non-hairy skin esp. Fingertips and lips

A

Meissner’s Corpuscle (FA1)

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16
Q

Gives steady-state signals for continuous touch
Localizing touch sensation and to determine texture
Combine to form Dome Receptors
Expanded tip tactile receptor

A

Merkel’s Disc (SA1)

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17
Q

Movement of object on the skin

A

Hair-end organ

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18
Q

Heavy & prolonged touch (pressure) and to signal degree of joint rotation
In deep skin, internal tissues & joint capsules, multi-branched, encapsulated, slowly-adapting

A

Ruffini’s end organs (SA2)

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19
Q

Detects high-frequency vibration

Onion-like structure in skin & deep fascia

A

Pacinian Corpuscles (FA2)

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20
Q

Transducers stimulus to electrical signal

A

Sensory Receptors

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21
Q

Cell Body: Dorsal Root or Cranial Nerve Ganglia

A

First-Order Neurons

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22
Q

Cell Body: Spinal Cord or Brainstem

A

Second-Order Neurons

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23
Q

Cell Body:Thalamus

A

Third ORder Neurons

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24
Q

Cell body: Sensory Cortex

A

Fourth-Order Neurons

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25
Q

Uses large myelinated fibers (group II), conduction velocity 30-110 m/s

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

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26
Q

cRosses near the medulla

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

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27
Q

Uses smaller myelinated fibers (group III, IV) 8-40 m/s

A

Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)

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28
Q

Relay station for sensation

A

Thalamus

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29
Q

VPL nuclei

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

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30
Q

VPM

A

TrigeminoThalamic pathway

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31
Q

VPI nuclei

A

Anterolateral system

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32
Q

Neurotransmitters for pain

A

Glutamate & substance P

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33
Q

Fast pain

A

Aka first/sharp/pricking/acute/electric pain

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34
Q

Type A delta fibers

A

Fast pain

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35
Q

Neurotransmitter for Fast Pain

A

Glutamate

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36
Q

Slow Pain

A

Aka second/aching/throbbing/nauseous/chronic pain

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37
Q

Type C fiber

A

Slow pain

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38
Q

Neurotransmitter for Slow Pain

A

Substance P

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39
Q

Due to sharing of 2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of visceral pain fibers and skin pain fibers

A

Referred pain

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40
Q

Warmth Receptors

A

Free nerve endings, Type C fibers

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41
Q

Cold Receptors

A

Type A delta fibers, some Type C

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42
Q

Pain Receptors

A

<15 deg C or > 43 deg C

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43
Q

Distant objects

A

Lens should be flat

Tensed suspensions ligament

Relaxed ciliary muscle

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44
Q

Nearby Objects

A

Lens should be spherical

Relaxed suspensions ligament

Contracted ciliary muscles

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45
Q

Gelatinous with little flow

Behind the lens

A

Vitreous Humor

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46
Q

Produced by Ciliary body
Exits into Canal of Schlemm
Free flowing
Main determinant of IOP

A

Aqueous Humor

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47
Q

Flow of Aqueous Humor

A

Ciliary body - posterior chamber - pupil - anterior chamber - trabecular mesh work - anterior chamber angle - canal of Schlemm - uveoscleral veins

48
Q

Area of central vision with slight thickening and pale color

A

Macula Lutea

49
Q

Depression in macula Lutea with the highest visual resolution (highest cone density)

A

Fovea

50
Q

Lacks rods & cones (anatomic blind spot)

A

Optic Disk

51
Q

What do you call the protrusion of the optic disc into the vitreous space due to increased ICP?

A

Papillae a

52
Q

Daylight

A

Cones

53
Q

Dark

A

Rods

54
Q

Converts 11-cigs retinal to all-trans retinal

A

Pigment epithelium

55
Q

Absorb stray light and preventing light from scattering

A

Pigment epithelium

56
Q

Absorb in Optic Disk; synapses with bipolar cells

A

Rods & Cones

57
Q

Interneuron that connects Rods & Cones with Ganglion Cells

Contrast Detectors

A

Bipolar cells

58
Q

Inter neurons that form local circuits with bipolar cells

A

Amacrine cells, Horizontal cells

59
Q

Retinal glial cell

Maintains internal geometry of the retina ganglion cell

A

Mueller Cells

60
Q

P cells

A

Color, form, fine details

61
Q

M Cells

A

Illumination, movement

62
Q

W Cells

A

Unknown function

63
Q

Cutting of structure on the left side causes total blindness in the left eye?

A

Optic nerve

64
Q

Causes bitemporal hemianopsia

A

Optic chasm

65
Q

Cutting which structure on the left causes right homonymous hemianopsia?

A

Optic tract

66
Q

Lesion on which structure on the left causes superior right homonymous quadrant anoxia

A

Meyer’s/temporal loop

67
Q

Lesion on which on the left causes inferior right homonymous quadrant anoxia

A

Parietal lobe

68
Q

Lesion on which structure on the left causes inferior right homonymous hemianopsia

A

Geniculocalcarine tract

69
Q

Lesion on which structure on the left causes right homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing

A

Calcarine fissure

70
Q

Total loss of vision in the right eye

A

Optic nerve

71
Q

Non-homonymous bitemporal hemianopsia

A

Optic chiasm

72
Q

Contra lateral (left) homonymous hemianopsia

A

Optic tract

73
Q

Superior left homonymous quadrant anoxia

A

Temporal lobe (Meyer’s Loop)

74
Q

Inferior left homonymous quadrantanopia

A

Parietal Lobe

75
Q

Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopia

A

Geniculocalcarine tract

76
Q

Superior left homonymous quadrantanopia (with macular sparing)

A

Inferior bank of calcarine fissure

77
Q

Inferior left homonymous quadrantanopia (with macular sparing)

A

Superior bank of calcarine fissure

78
Q

Contralateral (left) homonymous hemianopia (with macular sparing)

A

Both banks of calcarine fissure

79
Q

Which type of cell in the visual cortex responds best to a moving bar of light?

A

Complex

80
Q

Which type of cell in the visual cortex responds best to a stationary bar of light?

A

Simple

81
Q

Which type of cell in the visual cortex responds best to lines, curves and angles?

A

Hyper complex

82
Q 
All of the following are found in the visual cortex except?
A. Simple cells
B. Complex
C. Hypercomplex
D. Bipolar cells
A

Bipolar cells

83
Q

Which of the following. Is a step in photoreceptors in the rods?

A

Metarhodopsin II activates transduction

84
Q

All of the following processes in photoreceptors are correct except?
A. Light converts 11-cis rhodopsin to all trans rhodopsin
B. Metarhodopsin II activates transducin
C. Transducin activates phosphodiesterase decreasing cGMP
D. CGMP decreases closing Na channels causing the membrane to depolarize

A

D. Hyperpolarizes

85
Q

Light rays converge in front of the retina (long eyeball)

A

Myopia (biconcave lens)

86
Q

Light rays converge behind of the retina (short eyeball)

A

Hyperopia (convex lens)

87
Q

Irregular curvature of the cornea

A

Astigmatism (cylindrical lens)

88
Q

Age-related loss of accommodation (near point moves farther away)

A

Presbyopia (convex lens)

89
Q

First sign of Vitamin A deficiency

A

Nyctalopia

90
Q

Normal vision

A

Emmetropia

91
Q

Biconcave lens

A

Myopia

92
Q

Convex lens

A

Hyperopia

Presbyopia

93
Q

Cylindrical lens

A

Astigmatism

94
Q

Sound pressure

A

Decibels

95
Q

Sound frequency

A

Hertz

96
Q

What is the age-related progressive sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Presbycusis

97
Q

Occupational hearing loss occurs after >10 year exposure to which sound pressure

A

> 85 dB

98
Q

What sound pressure causes pain & possible permanent damage?

A

120 dB

99
Q

Conversation

A

60 dB

100
Q

Workplace 8 hours

A

> 85-90 dB

101
Q

Occupational hearing loss

Sx after 10 years

A

> 90 dB

102
Q

OHL

Irreversible sensory neural hearing loss

A

100-110 dB

103
Q

For sound collection, localization

A

Pinnacle

104
Q

Impedance matching

A

Auditory ossicles

105
Q

Endolymph

A

Scalia media, high in potassium

106
Q

Peri lymph

A

Scalia vestibule, scalar tympani, high sodium

107
Q

What are the two muscles found in the middle ear?

A 
Tensor tympani (malleus)
StaOedipus (stapes)
108
Q

What is the connection between outer & middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

109
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Impedance matching

110
Q

What is the function of the attenuation reflex?

A

Protects cochlea from loud/damaging sounds

Masks background noise

111
Q

Otoliths organs

A

Utricle & saccule

112
Q

For linear acceleration & sometime angular acceleration

A

Utricle & Saccule

113
Q

Anterior, posterior, lateral canals

A

Semicircular Canals

114
Q

For angular acceleration

A

Semicircular canals

115
Q

Located on anterior and lateral part of the tongue

A

Fungi form & Foliate papillae

116
Q

Located at the base of the tongue

A

Circumvallate papillae

mic cabatu Physiology (12 decks)

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