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mic cabatu Physiology > Gastrointestinal Physiology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Use to locate the appendix

A

TAEnia Colin

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2
Q

ANTRUM

A

G cells

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3
Q

Parietal cells (IF, HCL)

A

Fundus

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4
Q

Vitamin C & iron are absorbed

A

Duodenum

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5
Q

All nutrients are absorbed

A

Jejunum

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6
Q

Vitamin B12, IF, ADEK, Bile salt, Bile acids are absorbed

A

Ileum

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7
Q

Folate

A

Jejunum

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8
Q

Vagus nerve found

A

Transverse colon

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9
Q

Absorption of water

A

Proximal colon

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10
Q

Storage of feces

Rectum

A

Distal Colon

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11
Q

Basic GI Layers

A

Mucosa
Submucosal
Muscularis
Serosa

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12
Q

Smooth muscle cells controlling the epithelium

A

Muscularis Mucosa

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13
Q

Collagen, elastin, glands and blood vessels

A

Submucosa

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14
Q

Decreases diameter of the lumen

A

Inner Circular Muscle Layer

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15
Q

Shortens segment of the GIT

A

Outer Longitudinal Muscle Layer

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16
Q

Aka adventitia or mesothelium

A

Serosa

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17
Q 
between inner circular & outer longitudinal muscle layers
For motility (inner circular & outer longitudinal muscle layers)
A

Myenteric Plexus / Auerbach Plexus

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18
Q

Which layer is NOT seen in the esophagus?

A

Serosa

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19
Q

Strongest layer of the esophagus?

A

Submucosa

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20
Q

3 muscle layers are found in the stomach instead of two. What are these muscle layers?

A

Inner Oblique
Middle Circular
Outer Longitudinal

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21
Q

The Myenteric Plexus is mainly excitatory EXCEPT for which regions?

A

Pyloric Sphincter & Ileocecal Valve

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22
Q

Esophageal to upper large intestines

A

vagus nerve

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23
Q

Lower large intestines to anus

A

Pelvic nerves

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24
Q

Secretion & absorption

A

Meisner plexus/ Submucosal Plexus

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25
Q

Motility

A

Auerbach plexus/ Myenteric Plexus

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26
Q

For retropulsion of food

A

Inner oblique

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27
Q

G cells, stomach, Antrim

A

Gastrin

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28
Q

Stimulus: small peptides, stomach Distention, vagus nerve via GRP; inhibited by H & somatostatin

A

Gastrin

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29
Q

Increases gastric H secretion

Stimulates growth of gastric mucosa

A

Gastrin

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30
Q

S cells

Duodenum

A

Secretin

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31
Q

Stimulus: H in duodenum

Fatty acids in duodenum

A

Secretin

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32
Q

Increases Pancreatic HCO3 secretions
Increases Biliary HCO3 secretion
Decreases effect of gastric on gastric mucosa

A

Secretin

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33
Q

I cells

Duodenum & Jejunum

A

CCK

Cholecystokinin

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34
Q

Monoglycerides, FA, small peptides and AA

A

CCK

Cholecystokinin

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35
Q

Stimulates GB contraction, sphincter of Oddi Relaxation
Increases Pancreatic enzyme & HCO3 secretion
Increases growth of exocrine pancreas and gallbladder
Inhibits gastric emptying

A

CCK

Cholecystokinin

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36
Q

K cells

Duodenum

A

Glucose - dependent Insulinotropic Peptide

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37
Q

Stimulus: Oral glucose, fat, AA

A

Glucose - dependent Insulinotropic Peptide

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38
Q

Increases Insulin secretion

Inhibits Gastric Emptying (only above normal physiologic levels)

A

Glucose - dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GDIP)

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39
Q

M cells
Duodenum
Jejunum

A

Motilin

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40
Q

stimulus: Fasting

A

Motilin

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41
Q

Stimulates

A

Motilin

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42
Q

Most potent stimuli for gastric secretion

A

phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Methionine

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43
Q

Neurocrine from vagus nerve to G cells

A

GRP/Bombesin

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44
Q

GI hormone classifies as an INCRETIN

A

GIP

GLP 1

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45
Q

GI hormone responsible for the interdigestive myoelectric complex

A

Motilin

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46
Q

Secreted by pancreas in response to CHO, CHON, lipids

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide

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47
Q

Inhibits pancreatic HCO3 and enzymes

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide

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48
Q

Secreted by intestinal cells in response to hypoglycemia

A

Enteroglucagon

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49
Q

Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Enteroglucagon

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50
Q

Secreted by L-cells of small intestines

A

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)

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51
Q

Stimulates insulin secretion

A

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)

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52
Q

Secreted by cells throughout the GIT in response to H

A

Somatostatin

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53
Q

Inhibits release of ALL GI hormones

A

Somatostatin

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54
Q

Inhibits gastric H secretion

A

Somatostatin

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55
Q

Secreted by mast cells of gastric mucosa

A

Histamine

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56
Q

Increases H secretion; potentials gastric and Ach action

A

Histamine

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57
Q

Action of Ach

A 
Contraction of smooth muscle in wall
Relaxation of sphincter a
Inc salivary secretion
Inc gastric secretion
Inc pancreatic secretion
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58
Q

Source of Ach

A

Cholinergic neurons

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59
Q

Action of NE

A

Relaxation of smooth much in wall
Contraction of sphincters
Inc salivary secretion

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60
Q

Source of NE

A

Adrenergic Neurons

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61
Q

Actions of VIP Vasoactive intestinal Peptide

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle
Inc intestinal secretion
Inc pancreatic secretion

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62
Q

Source of VIP

A

Neurons of mucosa and smooth muscle

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63
Q

Action of Gastrin-Releasing (GRP) or Bombesin

A

Inc gastric secretion

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64
Q

Source of GRP or Bombesin

A

Neurons of gastric mucosa

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65
Q

Actions of Enkephalins (Opiates)

A

Contraction of smooth muscle

Dec intestinal secretion

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66
Q

Source of Enkephalins

A

Neurons of mucosa and smooth muscle

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67
Q

Actions of neuropeptide Y

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle

Dec intestinal secretion

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68
Q

Source of Neuropeptide Y

A

Neurons of mucosa and smooth muscle

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69
Q

Action of substance P

A

Contraction of smooth muscle

Inc salivary secretion

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70
Q

Source of Substance P

A

Consecrated with Ach

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71
Q

Inhibits appetite

Found at the Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

Satiety Center

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72
Q

Stimulates appetite

Found at the Lateral Hypothalamic Area

A

Appetite/Hunger Center

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73
Q

Sends signals to Satiety & Hunger Centers

A

Arcuate Nucleus

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74
Q

Releases POMC to decrease appetite

A

Anorexigenic Neurons

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75
Q

Releases Neuropeptide Y to increase appetite

A

Orexigenic Neurons

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76
Q

Stimulates Anorexigenic neurons, inhibits orexigenic neurons

A

leptin (fats cells), Insulin, GLP-1

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77
Q

Inhibits Anorexigenic neurons

A

Gherkin (gastric cells)

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78
Q

Inhibits gherkin

A

Peptide Y

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79
Q

Constant level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation

A

Tonic contractions

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80
Q

Due to subthreshold slow waves

A

Tonic contractions

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81
Q

Orad (upper) region of the stomach and in the lower esophageal, Ileocecal and internal anal sphincter so

A

Tonic contractions

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82
Q

Periodic contractions followed by relaxation

A

Phasic Contractions

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83
Q

for mixing and propulsion

Due to spike potentials

A

Phasic Contractions

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84
Q

Seen in the esophagus, gastric Antrum, small intestines

A

Phasic Contractions

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85
Q

Not true action potential

A

Slow waves

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86
Q

Due to GI pacemaker Intertitial cell of cajal

A

Slow waves

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87
Q

Slowest frequency

A

Stomach

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88
Q

Fastest frequency

A

Small intestines

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89
Q

True action potential

A

Spike potential

90
Q

What is the most common stimulus for GI peristalsis?

A

Distention

91
Q

What is the Myenteric Reflex

A

Muscles Upstream contract, muscles downstream exhibit receptive relaxation

92
Q

What is the Law of the GUT?

A

Myenteric Reflux + anal direction of peristalsis

93
Q

How long does it take to transfer material from pyloric to Ilecocecal valve, and ileocecal valve to colon, respectively?

A

3-5 hours, 8-15 hours

94
Q

The law of the gut is due to what phenomenon?

A

Peristaltic reflex

Receptive relaxation

95
Q

Begins CHO digestion

A

Amylase

96
Q

Swallowing center

A

Medulla

97
Q

Triggers reflex when food is at the pharynx

A

Oral phase

98
Q

Soft palate pulled upward (closes nasopharyngeal), glottis covered (prevents aspiration), upper esophageal sphincter a relaxes

A

Pharyngeal Phase

99
Q

UES close, primary and secondary esophageal peristalsis occurs

A

Esophageal Phase

100
Q

Capacity of stomach for food
Amount of water absorb in proximal colon
Amount of gastric secretion

A

1.5 L

101
Q

Able to bypass the pyloric sphincter

A

Water

102
Q

Who of the following is a possible effect of bago tony on gastric emptying?

A

Decreased emptying of solids

103
Q

Back and forth movement with no net forward motion

A

Segmentation Contraction

104
Q

Mixes chyme with pancreatic enzymes

A

Segmentation Contraction

105
Q

Propels chyme towards large intestines

A

Peristaltic contraction

106
Q

Mouth and stomach

A

Bonus

107
Q

Small intestine

A

Chyme

108
Q

Large ins testiness

A

Feces

109
Q

Saclike segments due to segmental contractions of the large intestines

A

Haustra

110
Q

For absorption of water

A

Proximal colon

111
Q

For storage of feces

A

Distal colon

112
Q

Occurs 1-3x a day to move colonic contents over long distances (from transverse colon to sigmoid colon)

A

Mass movement

113
Q

Color of feces is due to

A

Stercobilin

114
Q

Food in the stomach increases peristalsis in the ileum and relaxation of the Ileocecal sphincter

A

Gastroileal Reflex

115
Q

Food in the stomach increases peristalsis in the colon and frequency of mass movement mediated by the Parasympathetic NS, CCK, gastrin

A

Gastrocolic Reflex

116
Q

Vomiting center

A

Medulla

117
Q

Incomplete vomiting

Closed UES

A

Retching

118
Q

Submucosal of duodenum

A

Brunner’s gland

119
Q

Produce initial saliva

High Na, Low K

A

Acinar Cells

120
Q

Reabsorption Na K
Stimulated by aldosterone
HCO3, K

A

Ductal Cells

121
Q

Serous secretion

A

Parotid gland

122
Q

Mixed secretion

A

Submandibular gland

Sublingual gland

123
Q

Effect of Parasympathetic NS

A

Increases salivation

124
Q

Effect of Sympathetic NS

A

Decreases salivation

125
Q

Initial Saliva is high in

A

Na, Cl

126
Q

Final saliva is high in

A

HCO3, K

127
Q

Hormone involved in absorbing Na at the ductal cells

A

Aldosterone

128
Q

At high flow rates, saliva has

A

High Na, Cl, Low K & High HCO3

129
Q

At low flow rates, saliva has

A

Low Na, Cl, High K & Low HCO3

130
Q

For proteins

A

HCL and Pepsinogen

131
Q

For Vitamin B12 absorption

A

Intrinsic factor

132
Q

For protection of gastric mucosa against HCL

A

Mucus

133
Q

Body

HCL, intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

134
Q

Body

Pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

135
Q

Antrum

Gastrin

A

G cells

136
Q

Antrum

Mucus, Pepsinogen

A

Mucus cells

137
Q

Contains mucus neck cells, parietal cells and chief cells

A

Oxen tic glands (body)

138
Q

Contains G cells, Mucus cells

A

Pyloric glands (antrum)

139
Q

Secreted Mucus and HCO3

A

Mucus cells, Mucus Neck cells

140
Q

Secreted Hcl and IF

A

parietal cells/oxyntic cells

141
Q

Secretes gastrin

A

G cells

142
Q

Secretes serotonin

A

Enterochromaffin cells

143
Q

Secretes Histamine

A

Enterochromaffin-like Cells ECL

144
Q

Secretes Pepsinogen

A

Chie/Peptic cells

145
Q

Which of the following is the site of secretion of intrinsic factor?

A

Gastric Fundus of parietal cells

146
Q

What are the 3 substances that stimulate HCL secretion?

A

Histamine (paracrine) - acting on H2 receptors
Ach (Neurocrin) - act on M3 receptors
Gastrin (GI hormone) - act on CCKb receptors

147
Q

What are the inhibitors of HCL secretion?

A

Low pH (<3.0) of the stomach
Somatostatin
Prostaglandins

148
Q

Give examples of anti-Muscarinic drug

A

Atropine

149
Q

Example of H2-blocker

A

Cimetidine

S/e gynecomastia

150
Q

PPI

A

Omeprazole -most effective

151
Q

Stimuli of cephalic phase - 30%

A

Sight, smell, taste, thought of food

152
Q

Stimuli of Gastric phase - 60%

A

Stomach Distention, AA, small peptides, alcohol, caffeine

153
Q

Stimuli of Intestinal Phase - 10%

A

AA, peptides

154
Q

What substances protects the mucosa from HCL and pepsin?

A

HCO3, Mucus

155
Q

What are the protective factors against PUD?

A

Prostaglandins, mucosal blood flow, growth factors

156
Q

What are the damaging factors?

A

H, pylori, NSAIDS, stress, smoking, alcohol

157
Q

A patient with a duodenal ulcer is treated successfully with the drug cimetidine. The basis for cimetidine’s inhibition of gastric H secretion is that it

A

Block H2 receptors on parietal cells

158
Q

Secreted by S cells

A

Secretin

159
Q

Acts on ductal cells

Increases HCO3 secretion

A

Secretin

160
Q

Secreted by I cells

A

CCK

161
Q

Acts on CCKa receptors in actin are cells and ductal cells

Potentials effect of secrets in increasing HCO3 secretion

A

CCK

162
Q

Acts on Muscarinic receptors in actin are cells and ductal cells
Also potentials effect of secretin in increasing HCO3 secretion

A

Ach

163
Q

Via vagovagal reflexes

A

Ach

164
Q

Most common component of Bile

A

Water

165
Q

Active component of bile

A

Bile salts

166
Q

Primary bile acid

A

Chenodeoxycholic acid

167
Q

Secondary bile acid

A

Deoxycholic acid

168
Q

Store bile

A

Gall bladder

169
Q

Create bile

A

Liver

170
Q

Causes Gall bladder contraction

A

CCK & Ach

171
Q

Causes sphincter of ODDI relaxes

A

CCK

172
Q

94% bile salts are recirculated back to the liver using

A

Na-Bile salt cotransporter in the terminal ileum (enterohepatic circulation)

173
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates in the Mouth

A

Ptyalin

174
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates in the Small intestine

A

Pancreatic amylase, brush-border enzymes, disaccharidases

175
Q

How do you absorb Glucose and Galactose from lumen to intestinal cell

A

SGLT-1

176
Q

How do you absorb Fructose from lumen to intestinal cell?

A

Glut 5

177
Q

How do you absorb Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose from intestinal cell to the blood?

A

Glut 2

178
Q

Digestion of proteins in the stomach

A

Pepsin, desaturation by HCL

179
Q

Digestion of proteins in the Small intestine

A

Enterokinase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidases, peptidases

180
Q

What is the optimum pH for pepsin activity?

A

Ph 1.0-3.0

Inactivated at pH >5.0 (ex in duodenum)

181
Q

Digestion of Triglycerides in the mouth

A

Lingual Lipase secreted

182
Q

Digestion of Triglycerides in the Stomach

A

Lingual lipase activated, gastric lipase activated, mechanical pulverized ion of fat, CCK decreasing gastric emptying

183
Q

Digestion of Triglycerides in the small intestine

A

Emulsification by bile salts, pancreatic lipase activated

184
Q

Micelles

A

From lumen to intestinal cell

185
Q

For absorption from intestinal cell to lacteals

A

Chylomicrons

186
Q

Bile salts inactivated pancreatic lipase. What pancreatic coenzyme is secreted to prevent this from happening?

A

Procolipase -> Colipase

187
Q

What is the only product of TGA metabolism that is NOT hydrophobic?

A

Glycerol

188
Q

What type of fatty acids go directly to the portal vein instead of the lacteals

A

Short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids

189
Q

Main site for water absorption

A

Jejunum

190
Q

Potassium is absorbed at the following sites

A

Small intestines

191
Q

Potassium is secreted at the following sites

A

Large intestine

192
Q

Primary ion secreted in the intestinal lumen

A

Chloride (Na, H2O follows)

193
Q

Needed to absorb vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic factor

194
Q

Needed to absorb calcium

A

1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol

195
Q

Needed to absorb iron

A

Vitamin C

196
Q

Part of the metabolism of these vitamins involved colonic flora

A

Vitamin K, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B12

197
Q

Is absorbed in the SI via passive diffusion using Paracellular route

A

Potassium

198
Q

Is secreted in the Colon similar to renal distal tubule

A

Potassium

199
Q

ADP ribosylation of As subunit of Gs protein coupled to adenylyl Cyclades -> permanent activation -> water follows

A

V. Cholera

200
Q

Increases Calbindin D-28K (calcium-binding proteins in the SI)

A

Calcitriol

201
Q

Initiation digestion of fats starts in the

A

Stomach

202
Q

Mechanism of transport associated with glucose absorption in the intestine via SGLT1?

A

Secondary active transport

203
Q

Transport protein responsible for transport of glucose from the intestinal cells basement membrane to the blood?

A

glut 2

204
Q 
All of the following are absorbed through the intestine through secondary active transport except?
A. Galactose
B. Amino acids
C. Bile salts
D. Vitamin A
E. Vitamin B
A

D. Vitamin A - fat soluble- simply diffuse

205
Q 
Which of the following is not an endopeptidase?
A. Trypsin
B. Chymotrypsin
C. Elastase
D. Aminopeptidase
A

D. Aminopeptidase

206
Q 
All of the following can hinder dietary absorption of calcium except?
A. Excess fatty fooods
B. phytic acid
C. Oxalate from some vegetables
D. Nota
A

D. Nota

207
Q

Site of iron absorption in the gut?

A

Duodenum

208
Q 
All of the following assist in iron absorption except?
A. Heme form of iron from meat
B. Reduction of iron to Fe2
C. Vitamin C
D. Alcohol
E. Fructose
F. None
A

F. None

209
Q

Binding protein that assist in the absorption of vitamin B12 secreted in the saliva?

A

cobalophilin

210
Q

Largest organ

A

Liver

211
Q

2% of total body weight, receives 25% of cardiac output

A

Liver

212
Q

Detoxification and excretion of waste products is using

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (Phase 1 reactions)

Conjugation (phase 2 reactions)

213
Q

Fat soluble -> Glucoronic acid (polar)

A

UCB/IB

214
Q

Urobilinogen -> stercobilin (yellow color feces)

A

CB/DB

215
Q

Functional unit of the liver

A

Classic liver lobule

216
Q

High O2 and nutrients

First to encounter toxins

A

Zone 1 / Periportal

217
Q

Mid zonal

A

Zone 2

218
Q

Low o2 and nutrients

Last to encounter toxins

A

Centrilobular/Zone 3

219
Q

Are extremely effective in blood cleansing

A

Kuppfer cells

220
Q

Kuppfer cells

A

Liver

221
Q

Space of disse

Vitamin A storage

A

ITO cells

222
Q

Liver sinusoids

APC

A

Kuppfer cells

mic cabatu Physiology (12 decks)

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