Neuro Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
More numerous
A
Glial cells
2
Q
Produces CSF
A
Ependymal cells
3
Q
macrophage of the brain
A
Microglia
4
Q
Regulates ECF ion levels,gives mechanical support; forms BBB
A
Astrocyte
5
Q
Creates myelin in the CNS
A
Oligodendrocytes
6
Q
Creates myelin in the PNS
A
Schwann cells
7
Q
Brain tumors from non-mature neurons
A
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastoma
8
Q
Receiving portion (for NTs) of the neuron
A
Dendrites/Soma
**contain receptor for NT
9
Q
Where action potential in a neuron actually starts
A
Axon Hillock/initial segment
10
Q
Function of Myelin sheath
A
Insulator
11
Q
Unmyelinated portion of the Axon
A
Nodes of Ranvier
12
Q
Branches of the axons
A
Neural fibril
13
Q
Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles
A
Axon terminal
14
Q
Space between 2 neurons
A
Synapse
15
Q
What do you call the death of the axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected?
A
Anterograde/Orthograde Degeneration
16
Q
What do you call the changes to the soma after an axons is transacted?
A
Axonal Reaction/Chromatolyis
17
Q
Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNS or PNS?
A
PNS
18
Q
Secreted in the basal ganglia (Nucleus Basalis of Meynert)
A
Acetylcholine
19
Q
ACH deficient
A
Alzheimer’s Disease
20
Q
Found mainly in the substantia nigra pars compact a & ventral tegmental area
A
Dopamine
21
Q
Dopamine deficiency
A
Parkinson’s disease
22
Q
Dopamine excess
A
Schizophrenia
23
Q
Locus ceruleus in the pons
A
NE
24
Q
Phenylalanine derivatives
A
Phenylalanine Tyrosine L-dopa Dopamine NE Epinephrine Thyroxine Melanin
25
Tryptophan Derivatives
Tryptophan
Melatonin
Serotonin
Niacin
26
Secreted mainly by the Median Raphe of the Brain Stem
Happy Hormone
From Tryptophan
Serotonin
27
From Arginine
Nitric Oxide
28
From histidine
| Located mainly within their tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus
Histamine
29
Inhibitory NT found in spinal inter neurons
| Increases Chloride influx
Glycine
30
The number one inhibitory NT in the brain
| Comes from GLutamate
GABA
31
Number one Excitatory NT in the brain
Glutamate
32
4 Receptors in GLUTAMATE
3 Ionotropic receptors ( NMDA, Kainate, AMPA)
| 1 Metabotropic receptor (mGlur)
33
Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins
| Inhibit neurons in the brain involved in the perception of pain
Opioid peptides
34
Involved in pain transmission
Substance P
35
What is the basis of AP to achieved threshold?
Due to K leakage channel
Na influx = K effluent
= K leakage channels -> threshold is achieved
36
Make the MP (membrane potential) less negative
Depolarization
37
Make the MP more negative
Hyper polarization
38
Positive charges flowing into the cell
Inward current
39
Positive charges flowing out of the cell
Outward current
40
MP in which AP is inevitable
Threshold
41
Portion of AP where MP is positive
Overshoot
42
Portion of AP where MP is < RMP
Undershoot
43
Opening of Na-activation gates (causes Sodium influx)
Depolarization
44
Closure of Na-activation gates (stops Sodium influx)
| Opening of Potassium gates (causes Potassium Efflux)
Repolarization
45
Give example of Sodium Channel Blockers of Neurons
Tetrodotoxin, Saxitoxin
46
Give an example of Potassium Channel Blocker of Neurons
Tetraethylammonium
47
True or False: Na & K gated channels are responsible for all types of Action Potential?
False (Ca Channels seen in Muscles)
48
What stimulates nerve depolarization in the first place?
Mechanical disturbance, chemicals, electricity
49
In an excitable cell such as the heart muscles, what is the effect of hyper kalmia & hypokalemia respectively?
Hyperkalemia: Depolarizes the heart
Hypokalemia: Hyperpolarizes the heart
50
Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post-synaptic cell (opens Na & K channels)
Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential ( EPSP)
51
Synaptic inputs that Hyperpolarizes the post synaptic cell (opens Cl channels)
Inhibitory Post synaptic Potential (IPSP)
52
Two or more pre synaptic inputs arrive at post-synaptic cell simultaneously
Spatial Summation
53
Two or more pre synaptic inputs arrive at post synaptic cell in rapid succession
Temporal summation
54
Repeated stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be Greater than expected
Nerve facilitation
55
Increased released of NT and Increased sensitivity to the NT
Long-term Potentiation
56
Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell
Synaptic fatigue
57
Collection of cell bodies Peripheral Nerve
Ganglia
58
Cell bodies in Central NS
| Except Basal ganglia (found in Nucleus)
Nucleus
59
Collection of axon in the PNS
Nerve / Nerve Fiber
60
Vast motor center, respiratory center (DRG, VRG), swallowing, coughing & vomiting center
Medulla
61
Micturation center, Pneumotaxic, Apneustic centers
Pons
62
Relay center for almost all sensations
Except olfactory
Thalamus
63
Primitive way
| Vasomotor. Cough, vomit, urinate, defecate
Brain stem
64
Contributes to balance
Cerebellum
65
Connects the two brain hemispheres
Corpus callous
| Anterior commisure
66
Motor, personality, calculation, judgement
Frontal lobe
67
Somatosensory Cortex
Parietal Lobe
68
Vision
Occipital lobe
69
Hearing, vestibular processing, recognition of faces, optic pathway (Meyer's loop), Memory
Temporal lobe
70
Primary areas of the cerebral cortex
Initiation
| 1st area to receive from optic nerve
71
Secondary areas of the cerebral cortex
Interpretation
72
Association areas of the cerebral cortex
Integration
73
The site of pathology of dyslexia implicated to be located at
Dominant temporoparietal area
74
Pathology produced when patient has a lesion on the accurate fasciculus connecting the broca's and the wernicke's area
Conduction aphasia
75
The condition described above is characterized by
Fluent speech and preserved comprehension but inability to repeat words/sounds
76
Hippocampal lesions will cause
An important output pathway from the reward & punishment centers of the brain
Anterograde Amnesia
77
Thalamus lesion will cause
Retrograde Amnesia
78
Produces mainly oxytocin
Paraventricular Nuclei
79
Produces mainly vasopressin
Supra optic Nuclei
80
Satiety center
Ventromedial nuclei
81
Hunger center
Lateral Nuclei
82
Sweating (Heat Release)
Anterior Hypothalamus
83
Shivering (Heat Conservation)
Posterior Hypothalamus
84
Reward Center
Medial Forebrain Bundle
85
Punishment center
Central Gray Area around Aqueduct of Sylvius
86
Social Inhibition
Amygdaloid
87
Milk producti55on
Prolactin
88
Weight loss is produce
Lateral nuclei damage
89
Hypothalamic nucleus associated with temperature regulation
Anterior nucleus
90
Which is more powerful in creat5ing new memories (takes precedence over the other)
Punishment & fear
91
Master clock
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
92
Regulates circadian rhythm
Pineal gland
93
Who among the following dream the most
Newborn (50% REM)
94
CSF Pathway
```
Lateral Ventricles
For amen of Monroe
third Ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius
4th ventricle
For amen of Luschka & Magendie
Subarachnoid space over brain & spinal cord
Arachnoid granulation a
Dural venous sinus blood
```
95
Energy source of blood & muscle
Glucose
96
Blood supply o liver, heart
Fatty acids
97
4 min
Irreversible necrosis (brain)
98
6 hours
MI
| Skeletal muscles
99
Which of the following has a much lower concentration in the CSF than in cerebral capillary blood
Protein
