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mic cabatu Physiology > Neuro Physiology > Flashcards

Neuro Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

More numerous

A

Glial cells

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2
Q

Produces CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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3
Q

macrophage of the brain

A

Microglia

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4
Q

Regulates ECF ion levels,gives mechanical support; forms BBB

A

Astrocyte

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5
Q

Creates myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

Creates myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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7
Q

Brain tumors from non-mature neurons

A

Neuroblastoma

Retinoblastoma

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8
Q

Receiving portion (for NTs) of the neuron

A

Dendrites/Soma

**contain receptor for NT

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9
Q

Where action potential in a neuron actually starts

A

Axon Hillock/initial segment

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10
Q

Function of Myelin sheath

A

Insulator

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11
Q

Unmyelinated portion of the Axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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12
Q

Branches of the axons

A

Neural fibril

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13
Q

Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles

A

Axon terminal

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14
Q

Space between 2 neurons

A

Synapse

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15
Q

What do you call the death of the axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected?

A

Anterograde/Orthograde Degeneration

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16
Q

What do you call the changes to the soma after an axons is transacted?

A

Axonal Reaction/Chromatolyis

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17
Q

Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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18
Q

Secreted in the basal ganglia (Nucleus Basalis of Meynert)

A

Acetylcholine

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19
Q

ACH deficient

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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20
Q

Found mainly in the substantia nigra pars compact a & ventral tegmental area

A

Dopamine

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21
Q

Dopamine deficiency

A

Parkinson’s disease

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22
Q

Dopamine excess

A

Schizophrenia

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23
Q

Locus ceruleus in the pons

A

NE

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24
Q

Phenylalanine derivatives

A 
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
L-dopa
Dopamine
NE
Epinephrine
Thyroxine
Melanin
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25
Q

Tryptophan Derivatives

A

Tryptophan
Melatonin
Serotonin
Niacin

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26
Q

Secreted mainly by the Median Raphe of the Brain Stem
Happy Hormone
From Tryptophan

A

Serotonin

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27
Q

From Arginine

A

Nitric Oxide

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28
Q

From histidine

Located mainly within their tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Histamine

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29
Q

Inhibitory NT found in spinal inter neurons

Increases Chloride influx

A

Glycine

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30
Q

The number one inhibitory NT in the brain

Comes from GLutamate

A

GABA

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31
Q

Number one Excitatory NT in the brain

A

Glutamate

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32
Q

4 Receptors in GLUTAMATE

A

3 Ionotropic receptors ( NMDA, Kainate, AMPA)

1 Metabotropic receptor (mGlur)

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33
Q

Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

Inhibit neurons in the brain involved in the perception of pain

A

Opioid peptides

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34
Q

Involved in pain transmission

A

Substance P

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35
Q

What is the basis of AP to achieved threshold?

A

Due to K leakage channel

Na influx = K effluent
= K leakage channels -> threshold is achieved

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36
Q

Make the MP (membrane potential) less negative

A

Depolarization

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37
Q

Make the MP more negative

A

Hyper polarization

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38
Q

Positive charges flowing into the cell

A

Inward current

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39
Q

Positive charges flowing out of the cell

A

Outward current

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40
Q

MP in which AP is inevitable

A

Threshold

41
Q

Portion of AP where MP is positive

A

Overshoot

42
Q

Portion of AP where MP is < RMP

A

Undershoot

43
Q

Opening of Na-activation gates (causes Sodium influx)

A

Depolarization

44
Q

Closure of Na-activation gates (stops Sodium influx)

Opening of Potassium gates (causes Potassium Efflux)

A

Repolarization

45
Q

Give example of Sodium Channel Blockers of Neurons

A

Tetrodotoxin, Saxitoxin

46
Q

Give an example of Potassium Channel Blocker of Neurons

A

Tetraethylammonium

47
Q

True or False: Na & K gated channels are responsible for all types of Action Potential?

A

False (Ca Channels seen in Muscles)

48
Q

What stimulates nerve depolarization in the first place?

A

Mechanical disturbance, chemicals, electricity

49
Q

In an excitable cell such as the heart muscles, what is the effect of hyper kalmia & hypokalemia respectively?

A

Hyperkalemia: Depolarizes the heart

Hypokalemia: Hyperpolarizes the heart

50
Q

Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post-synaptic cell (opens Na & K channels)

A

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential ( EPSP)

51
Q

Synaptic inputs that Hyperpolarizes the post synaptic cell (opens Cl channels)

A

Inhibitory Post synaptic Potential (IPSP)

52
Q

Two or more pre synaptic inputs arrive at post-synaptic cell simultaneously

A

Spatial Summation

53
Q

Two or more pre synaptic inputs arrive at post synaptic cell in rapid succession

A

Temporal summation

54
Q

Repeated stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be Greater than expected

A

Nerve facilitation

55
Q

Increased released of NT and Increased sensitivity to the NT

A

Long-term Potentiation

56
Q

Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell

A

Synaptic fatigue

57
Q

Collection of cell bodies Peripheral Nerve

A

Ganglia

58
Q

Cell bodies in Central NS

Except Basal ganglia (found in Nucleus)

A

Nucleus

59
Q

Collection of axon in the PNS

A

Nerve / Nerve Fiber

60
Q

Vast motor center, respiratory center (DRG, VRG), swallowing, coughing & vomiting center

A

Medulla

61
Q

Micturation center, Pneumotaxic, Apneustic centers

A

Pons

62
Q

Relay center for almost all sensations

Except olfactory

A

Thalamus

63
Q

Primitive way

Vasomotor. Cough, vomit, urinate, defecate

A

Brain stem

64
Q

Contributes to balance

A

Cerebellum

65
Q

Connects the two brain hemispheres

A

Corpus callous

Anterior commisure

66
Q

Motor, personality, calculation, judgement

A

Frontal lobe

67
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Parietal Lobe

68
Q

Vision

A

Occipital lobe

69
Q

Hearing, vestibular processing, recognition of faces, optic pathway (Meyer’s loop), Memory

A

Temporal lobe

70
Q

Primary areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Initiation

1st area to receive from optic nerve

71
Q

Secondary areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Interpretation

72
Q

Association areas of the cerebral cortex

A

Integration

73
Q

The site of pathology of dyslexia implicated to be located at

A

Dominant temporoparietal area

74
Q

Pathology produced when patient has a lesion on the accurate fasciculus connecting the broca’s and the wernicke’s area

A

Conduction aphasia

75
Q

The condition described above is characterized by

A

Fluent speech and preserved comprehension but inability to repeat words/sounds

76
Q

Hippocampal lesions will cause

An important output pathway from the reward & punishment centers of the brain

A

Anterograde Amnesia

77
Q

Thalamus lesion will cause

A

Retrograde Amnesia

78
Q

Produces mainly oxytocin

A

Paraventricular Nuclei

79
Q

Produces mainly vasopressin

A

Supra optic Nuclei

80
Q

Satiety center

A

Ventromedial nuclei

81
Q

Hunger center

A

Lateral Nuclei

82
Q

Sweating (Heat Release)

A

Anterior Hypothalamus

83
Q

Shivering (Heat Conservation)

A

Posterior Hypothalamus

84
Q

Reward Center

A

Medial Forebrain Bundle

85
Q

Punishment center

A

Central Gray Area around Aqueduct of Sylvius

86
Q

Social Inhibition

A

Amygdaloid

87
Q

Milk producti55on

A

Prolactin

88
Q

Weight loss is produce

A

Lateral nuclei damage

89
Q

Hypothalamic nucleus associated with temperature regulation

A

Anterior nucleus

90
Q

Which is more powerful in creat5ing new memories (takes precedence over the other)

A

Punishment & fear

91
Q

Master clock

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

92
Q

Regulates circadian rhythm

A

Pineal gland

93
Q

Who among the following dream the most

A

Newborn (50% REM)

94
Q

CSF Pathway

A 
Lateral Ventricles
For amen of Monroe
third Ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius
4th ventricle
For amen of Luschka &amp; Magendie
Subarachnoid space over brain &amp; spinal cord
Arachnoid granulation a
Dural venous sinus blood
95
Q

Energy source of blood & muscle

A

Glucose

96
Q

Blood supply o liver, heart

A

Fatty acids

97
Q

4 min

A

Irreversible necrosis (brain)

98
Q

6 hours

A

MI

Skeletal muscles

99
Q

Which of the following has a much lower concentration in the CSF than in cerebral capillary blood

A

Protein

mic cabatu Physiology (12 decks)

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