Hematology Flashcards
Fluid medium of the blood/non cellular part of the blood
Plasma
Plasma minus clotting proteins
Serum
Essential component of clotting system
Blood coagulation proteins
Major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma
Albumin
Pro teases, antiproteases, transport proteins
Alpha Globulins
Transferrin & other transport proteins
Beta Globulins
Immunoglobulins
Gamma Globulins
Process of forming blood cells in the bone marrow
Haemopoeisis
Site of blood cell formation beginning from 3rd week AOG
Yolk Sac/ Aortic Gonad Mesonephros Region
Site of blood cell formation from 3rd month AOG to birth
Liver
Only source of blood cells postnatal you; begins at 4th month AOG
Bone Marrow
All Bone Marrow are active
Birth to puberty
Only bone marrow of vertebra, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis, proximal epiphyte all region of humerus active
Age 20 (remaining bone marrow:fatty, yellow, inactive)
post-embryonic extramedullary hematopoiesis in full term infant
Always abnormal
Most abundant of blood cells
RBC
Normal resting shape of RBC
Biconcave disc due to spectrum with bag pliability
Blood is 3x thicker than water due to
Hematocrit
____ is the protein inside the RBC that binds with oxygen
Hemoglobin
___ is the % of cells in whole blood normal
Hematocrit
Most common form of hemoglobin in adult human being
HbA
Has higher affinity for oxygen compared to HbA
HbF
Total iron in the body
4 - 5grams
Storage form of iron in liver
Ferritin
Hormones stimulating RBC production
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Main stimulus for EPO production
Hypoxia
Effect of EPO will manifest after this many days
5 days
Last RBC stage with a nucleus
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
RBC stage released to the blood
Reticulocytes
Time to convert reticule yes to mature RBC’s
1-2 days
Characteristics of mature RBC’s
No nucleus, no mitochondria, no ER
Lifespan of adult RBC
120 days
Lifespan of fetal RBC
90 days
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
D. Latum
Exact location of parietal cells
Funds
G cells
Antrum
Intraday ulan destruction of old or damaged RBCs occurs here
Spleen
Extravascular destruction of RBCs is due to
Macrophages
Fate of heme in destroyed RBC
Bilirubin
Nutrient essential for DNA synthesis
Vitamin B12
Folic Acid
Megaloblastic anemia + Neural Deficits
Vitamin B12
Megaloblastic anemia + Neural tube defects
Folic acid
Needed to absorb Vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor
Sources of vitamin B12
Meats
Sources of folic acid
Leafy vegetables cauliflower, brocolli
Terminology used to describe anemia secondary specifically to vitamin B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anemia
What would be the probable site of defect if there is anemia secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency?
Stomach
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Granulocyts/PML/Myeloid cells
Monocytes, lymphocytes
Agranulocytosis
Basophils
Histamine
Eosinophils
Free radicals
Site of production of granule yes, monocytes
Bone marrow
Site of production of lymphocytes, plasma cells
LN, spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer’s patches
Lifespan of granule yes
4-8 hours in the blood, 4-5 days in tissues (shortened during infection)
Lifespan on Monocytes
10-20 hours in the blood, for several months in the tissues
Lifespan of lymphocytes
Weeks to months
62%
Neutrophils
0.4%
Basophils
Eosinophils
2.3%
Monocytes
5.3%
Lymphocytes
30%
Bilobulated
Basophils
Eosinophils
Produce from bone marrow
T, B cells
Most common type of WBC
Neutrophil
Highly lobulated nucleus
Acute inflammation response
Neutrophil
Wea phagocytes
Parasitic
Allergic
Eosinophils
Bilobed nucleus, stain bright red with eosin dye
Eosinophils
Least common type of WBC
Basophils
Beloved/trilobites nucleus, largely densely basophils can (blue) granules
Basophils
Largest of WBC
Monocytes
Eccentrically placed nucleus
Monocytes
Small, non-uncleared cells from megakaryocytes
Platelet
Lifespan of platelet
7-10 days
2nd most common type
Lymphocytes
Round, densely stained nucleus with a pale basophils can, non-granular cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
Multinucleated WBC
Neutrophil
What is the most numerous WBC
Neutrophils
Least numerous WBC
Basophils
Cells involved in adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
Cells involve in parasitic infection
Eosinophils
Released as mature cells
Neutrophils
Releases as immature cells
Macrophage
Lysosomes
Proteases, hypochlorite, lipases
Peroxisomes
Free radicals like superoxide (O2), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Hydroxyl ions (OH)
Movement of neutrophils and macrophages towards a chemical signal (bacterial toxins, products of inflammation, complement cascade, products from clotting?
Chemotaxis
Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of injury?
Diapers is
Will release histamine causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Mast cells
1st line of defense
Tissue macrophages
2nd line
Neutrophils
3rd line
Monocytes
4th line
Inc. monocytes & granule yet production by BM
Battlefield of dead cells and pathogens
Pus
Produce antibodies
Plasma cells
Antibody generating
Mirror image
Antigen
Most abundant Ig
IgG
Smallest & only one able to cross the placenta
Predominant antibody secondary response
IgG
Main Ig concerned with primary Immune response
Present on all uncommitted B cells
IgM
Largest Ig
IgM
Secretions
IgA
Allergies
IgE
Acts as an antigen receptor when present on the surface of certain B lymphocytes
IgD
Which of the following is the principal Ig in exocrine secretions
IgA
Serve as marker that makes it easier to phagocytize foreign bodies
Opsonization
Perforate foreign organism
Membrane attack complex
Which complement is responsible for opsonization?
C3b
Anaphylotoxin (induces inflammation)
c3a, C4a, C5a
Part of membrane attack complex
C5b-C9
B cells
Antibody related
Humoral
T helper
Cytotoxic
T cell
Regulatory function of lymphokines
IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5, IL6, G-CSF, Interferon gamma
Stimulation of growth & proliferation of cytotoxic T cells & suppressor T cells
Helper T cells
Stimulation of growth and differentiation of B cells & antibody formation
IL 4, IL 5, IL 6
Create holes or perforins
Cytotoxic T Cells
Long term protection
Slow onset of action
Active immunity
Prompt availability of large amount of antibodies
Short lifespan of antibodies, hypersensitivity reaction
Passive Immunity
Major inducer of Acute Phase Reactant
IL6
Most important prototypical acute phase reactant
CRP
Type A
N-Acetyl galactosamine
Type B
Galactose
Type AB
Both
Type O
None
RH (+)
Has D antigen
Rh (-)
No D antigen
Determined by genotype from mom and dad
Agglutinate a
Spontaneously acquired from food, bacteria,
Agglutinins
Indirect measure of APR
ESR
Spontaneous agglutinins for Rh antigen almost never occur
Rh Blood types
Autograft
Self
Isograft/Syngeic Graft
Twin
Allograft
Same species
Xenografts
Other species
Mc transplantation
Allograft
Cause vascular constriction
Endothelium 1
Mechanism to prevent blood loss whenever a vessel is severed or ruptured
Hemostasis
Events in hemostasis
- Vascular constriction
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation
- Resolution: formation of fibrous tissue or dissolution of clot
Platelet adhesion
VWF
Glycoproteins 1B
Platelet aggregation
Fibrinogen
GP IIb - IIIa
Converts prothrombin to thrombin
Prothrombin activator
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin
Initiated by tissue factor
Extrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway
Factor VII, X, V
Intrinsic Pathway
Factor XII, XII, IX, VIII
Initiated by factor XII and platelets
Intrinsic pathway
Which clotting factors are common to both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?
Factor V & X
Factor I
Fibrinogen
Factor II
Prothrombin
Factor III
Tissue factor
Tissue thromboplastin
Factor IV
Calcium
Factor V
Proaccelerin
Labile factor
Ac-globulin
Factor VII
Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator
Proconvertin
Stable factor
Factor VIII
Antihemophilic factor
Anti hemophiliac globulin
Anti hemophiliac factor 8
Factor IX
Plasma thromboplastin component
Christmas factor
Antihemophilic factor B
Factor X
Stuart factor
Stuart power factor
Factor XI
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
Anti hemophiliac factor C
Factor XII
Hageman factor
Factor XIII
Fibrin-stabilizing factor
Prekallikrein
Fletcher factor
HMW Kininogen
Fitzgerald factor
HMWK
Converts plasminogen/profibrinolysin to plasmin/fibrinolysin
Tissue plasminogen / t-PA
Most important coagulation factor
Factor 2
The extrinsic pathway overlaps with the intrinsic pathway by stimulating the?
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