Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
Fluid medium of the blood/non cellular part of the blood
A
Plasma
2
Q
Plasma minus clotting proteins
A
Serum
3
Q
Essential component of clotting system
A
Blood coagulation proteins
4
Q
Major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma
A
Albumin
5
Q
Pro teases, antiproteases, transport proteins
A
Alpha Globulins
6
Q
Transferrin & other transport proteins
A
Beta Globulins
7
Q
Immunoglobulins
A
Gamma Globulins
8
Q
Process of forming blood cells in the bone marrow
A
Haemopoeisis
9
Q
Site of blood cell formation beginning from 3rd week AOG
A
Yolk Sac/ Aortic Gonad Mesonephros Region
10
Q
Site of blood cell formation from 3rd month AOG to birth
A
Liver
11
Q
Only source of blood cells postnatal you; begins at 4th month AOG
A
Bone Marrow
12
Q
All Bone Marrow are active
A
Birth to puberty
13
Q
Only bone marrow of vertebra, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis, proximal epiphyte all region of humerus active
A
Age 20 (remaining bone marrow:fatty, yellow, inactive)
14
Q
post-embryonic extramedullary hematopoiesis in full term infant
A
Always abnormal
15
Q
Most abundant of blood cells
A
RBC
16
Q
Normal resting shape of RBC
A
Biconcave disc due to spectrum with bag pliability
17
Q
Blood is 3x thicker than water due to
A
Hematocrit
18
Q
____ is the protein inside the RBC that binds with oxygen
A
Hemoglobin
19
Q
___ is the % of cells in whole blood normal
A
Hematocrit
20
Q
Most common form of hemoglobin in adult human being
A
HbA
21
Q
Has higher affinity for oxygen compared to HbA
A
HbF
22
Q
Total iron in the body
A
4 - 5grams
23
Q
Storage form of iron in liver
A
Ferritin
24
Q
Hormones stimulating RBC production
A
Erythropoietin (EPO)
25
Main stimulus for EPO production
Hypoxia
26
Effect of EPO will manifest after this many days
5 days
27
Last RBC stage with a nucleus
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
28
RBC stage released to the blood
Reticulocytes
29
Time to convert reticule yes to mature RBC's
1-2 days
30
Characteristics of mature RBC's
No nucleus, no mitochondria, no ER
31
Lifespan of adult RBC
120 days
32
Lifespan of fetal RBC
90 days
33
Vitamin B12 deficiency
| Megaloblastic anemia
D. Latum
34
Exact location of parietal cells
Funds
35
G cells
Antrum
36
Intraday ulan destruction of old or damaged RBCs occurs here
Spleen
37
Extravascular destruction of RBCs is due to
Macrophages
38
Fate of heme in destroyed RBC
Bilirubin
39
Nutrient essential for DNA synthesis
Vitamin B12
| Folic Acid
40
Megaloblastic anemia + Neural Deficits
Vitamin B12
41
Megaloblastic anemia + Neural tube defects
Folic acid
42
Needed to absorb Vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor
43
Sources of vitamin B12
Meats
44
Sources of folic acid
Leafy vegetables cauliflower, brocolli
45
Terminology used to describe anemia secondary specifically to vitamin B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anemia
46
What would be the probable site of defect if there is anemia secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency?
Stomach
47
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Granulocyts/PML/Myeloid cells
48
Monocytes, lymphocytes
Agranulocytosis
49
Basophils
Histamine
50
Eosinophils
Free radicals
51
Site of production of granule yes, monocytes
Bone marrow
52
Site of production of lymphocytes, plasma cells
LN, spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer's patches
53
Lifespan of granule yes
4-8 hours in the blood, 4-5 days in tissues (shortened during infection)
54
Lifespan on Monocytes
10-20 hours in the blood, for several months in the tissues
55
Lifespan of lymphocytes
Weeks to months
56
62%
Neutrophils
57
0.4%
Basophils
58
Eosinophils
2.3%
59
Monocytes
5.3%
60
Lymphocytes
30%
61
Bilobulated
Basophils
| Eosinophils
62
Produce from bone marrow
T, B cells
63
Most common type of WBC
Neutrophil
64
Highly lobulated nucleus
| Acute inflammation response
Neutrophil
65
Wea phagocytes
Parasitic
Allergic
Eosinophils
66
Bilobed nucleus, stain bright red with eosin dye
Eosinophils
67
Least common type of WBC
Basophils
68
Beloved/trilobites nucleus, largely densely basophils can (blue) granules
Basophils
69
Largest of WBC
Monocytes
70
Eccentrically placed nucleus
Monocytes
71
Small, non-uncleared cells from megakaryocytes
Platelet
72
Lifespan of platelet
7-10 days
73
2nd most common type
Lymphocytes
74
Round, densely stained nucleus with a pale basophils can, non-granular cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
75
Multinucleated WBC
Neutrophil
76
What is the most numerous WBC
Neutrophils
77
Least numerous WBC
Basophils
78
Cells involved in adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
79
Cells involve in parasitic infection
Eosinophils
80
Released as mature cells
Neutrophils
81
Releases as immature cells
Macrophage
82
Lysosomes
Proteases, hypochlorite, lipases
83
Peroxisomes
Free radicals like superoxide (O2), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Hydroxyl ions (OH)
84
Movement of neutrophils and macrophages towards a chemical signal (bacterial toxins, products of inflammation, complement cascade, products from clotting?
Chemotaxis
85
Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of injury?
Diapers is
86
Will release histamine causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Mast cells
87
1st line of defense
Tissue macrophages
88
2nd line
Neutrophils
89
3rd line
Monocytes
90
4th line
Inc. monocytes & granule yet production by BM
91
Battlefield of dead cells and pathogens
Pus
92
Produce antibodies
Plasma cells
93
Antibody generating
| Mirror image
Antigen
94
Most abundant Ig
IgG
95
Smallest & only one able to cross the placenta
| Predominant antibody secondary response
IgG
96
Main Ig concerned with primary Immune response
| Present on all uncommitted B cells
IgM
97
Largest Ig
IgM
98
Secretions
IgA
99
Allergies
IgE
100
Acts as an antigen receptor when present on the surface of certain B lymphocytes
IgD
101
Which of the following is the principal Ig in exocrine secretions
IgA
102
Serve as marker that makes it easier to phagocytize foreign bodies
Opsonization
103
Perforate foreign organism
Membrane attack complex
104
Which complement is responsible for opsonization?
C3b
105
Anaphylotoxin (induces inflammation)
c3a, C4a, C5a
106
Part of membrane attack complex
C5b-C9
107
B cells
| Antibody related
Humoral
108
T helper
| Cytotoxic
T cell
109
Regulatory function of lymphokines
IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5, IL6, G-CSF, Interferon gamma
110
Stimulation of growth & proliferation of cytotoxic T cells & suppressor T cells
Helper T cells
111
Stimulation of growth and differentiation of B cells & antibody formation
IL 4, IL 5, IL 6
112
Create holes or perforins
Cytotoxic T Cells
113
Long term protection
| Slow onset of action
Active immunity
114
Prompt availability of large amount of antibodies
| Short lifespan of antibodies, hypersensitivity reaction
Passive Immunity
115
Major inducer of Acute Phase Reactant
IL6
116
Most important prototypical acute phase reactant
CRP
117
Type A
N-Acetyl galactosamine
118
Type B
Galactose
119
Type AB
Both
120
Type O
None
121
RH (+)
Has D antigen
122
Rh (-)
No D antigen
123
Determined by genotype from mom and dad
Agglutinate a
124
Spontaneously acquired from food, bacteria,
Agglutinins
125
Indirect measure of APR
ESR
126
Spontaneous agglutinins for Rh antigen almost never occur
Rh Blood types
127
Autograft
Self
128
Isograft/Syngeic Graft
Twin
129
Allograft
Same species
130
Xenografts
Other species
131
Mc transplantation
Allograft
132
Cause vascular constriction
Endothelium 1
133
Mechanism to prevent blood loss whenever a vessel is severed or ruptured
Hemostasis
134
Events in hemostasis
1. Vascular constriction
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation
4. Resolution: formation of fibrous tissue or dissolution of clot
135
Platelet adhesion
VWF
| Glycoproteins 1B
136
Platelet aggregation
Fibrinogen
| GP IIb - IIIa
137
Converts prothrombin to thrombin
Prothrombin activator
138
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin
139
Initiated by tissue factor
Extrinsic pathway
140
Extrinsic pathway
Factor VII, X, V
141
Intrinsic Pathway
Factor XII, XII, IX, VIII
142
Initiated by factor XII and platelets
Intrinsic pathway
143
Which clotting factors are common to both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?
Factor V & X
144
Factor I
Fibrinogen
145
Factor II
Prothrombin
146
Factor III
Tissue factor
| Tissue thromboplastin
147
Factor IV
Calcium
148
Factor V
Proaccelerin
Labile factor
Ac-globulin
149
Factor VII
Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator
Proconvertin
Stable factor
150
Factor VIII
Antihemophilic factor
Anti hemophiliac globulin
Anti hemophiliac factor 8
151
Factor IX
Plasma thromboplastin component
Christmas factor
Antihemophilic factor B
152
Factor X
Stuart factor
| Stuart power factor
153
Factor XI
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
| Anti hemophiliac factor C
154
Factor XII
Hageman factor
155
Factor XIII
Fibrin-stabilizing factor
156
Prekallikrein
Fletcher factor
157
HMW Kininogen
Fitzgerald factor
| HMWK
158
Converts plasminogen/profibrinolysin to plasmin/fibrinolysin
Tissue plasminogen / t-PA
159
Most important coagulation factor
Factor 2
160
The extrinsic pathway overlaps with the intrinsic pathway by stimulating the?
IX
