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Physiology 1021 > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

how is a physical stimulus converted into a response ?

A

stimulus -> receptor -> neuron -> CNS (receives, interprets and responds)

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2
Q

what are the 6 types of sensory receptors ?

A
  1. photoreceptors
  2. mechanoreceptors
  3. chemoreceptors
  4. nociceptors
  5. thermoreceptors
  6. osmoreceptors
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3
Q

what are nocireceptors ?

A

pain receptors

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4
Q

what are the classes of sensory receptors ?

A

complex and special

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5
Q

what are complex neural receptors ?

A

olfaction and somatic senses

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6
Q

what are the four special senses receptors ?

A

vision, hearing, balance and taste

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7
Q

difference between complex and special receptors ?

A
  • special senses = separate from neutron but still need action potential
  • complex receptors = must be sent to neutron and converted to action potentials
    (only difference is the step is how receptor will release neurotransmitters; chemically gates Chanels opening up and ions are flying through it)
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8
Q

action potentials vs receptor potentials ?

A
  • action potentials are all or none (once initiated, they will flow down the entire axon) *** once hits threshold action potential must occur
  • receptor potentials are graded (they can differ in amplitude and dissipate over time and distance)
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9
Q

what type of frequencies of action potentials last longer ?

A

higher frequency (release of more neurotransmitters)

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10
Q

if a receptive field is more sensitive what does this mean ?

A

more senses present

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11
Q

where does smell senses occur (nerve and bulb)

A

cranial nerve 1 and olfactory bulb

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12
Q

about how many odor receptors do we have ?

A

about 350

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13
Q

what are the five taste sensations ?

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami

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14
Q

around how many taste buds do we have ?

A

2000-5000

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15
Q

how do we specifically taste our food ?

A

through taste cells “taste buds” that have flavour (each taste bud contains 50-150)

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16
Q

what are five important structures of the CNS for sensory physiology ?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brain stem
  4. diencephalon
  5. spinal cord
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17
Q

what three parts make up the cerebrum ?

A

cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system (main part of brain)

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18
Q

what three parts make up the cerebrum ?

A

cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system (main part of brain)

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19
Q

what is the cerebellum responsible for ?

A

coordination of movement and different procceses

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20
Q

what three parts make up the cerebrum ?

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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21
Q

what four parts make up the diencephalon ?

A

thalamus, hypothalmus, pineal gland, pituitary gland

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22
Q

what are the four “lobes” of the brain ?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

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23
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for ?

A

movement and cognition

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24
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for ?

A

sensation

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25
Q

what is the temporal lobe responsible for ?

A

hearing and object perception

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26
Q

what is the occipital lobe responsible for ?

A

vision

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27
Q

what are the four somatic senses ?

A
  1. touch
  2. proprioception
  3. temperature
  4. nocieception
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28
Q

what is proprioception ?

A

awareness of body movement and location in space

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29
Q

how do mechanoreceptors differ ?

A
  1. adaptation rate
  2. receptive field size
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30
Q

what are the four adaptation rates ?

A

merkel’s disk, meissner’s corpuscle, ruffini’s ending and pacinian corpuscle

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31
Q

which two adaptation rates have small receptive fields ?

A

merkel’s disk and meissner’s corpuscle

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32
Q

what two adaptation rates have large receptive fields ?

A

ruffini’s ending and pacinian corpuscle

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33
Q

which two adaptation rates have slow adaptation ?

A

merkel’s disk and ruffini’s ending

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34
Q

which two adaptation rates have rapid adaptation ?

A

meissner’s corpuscle and paccinian corpuscle

35
Q

regions with high tactile acuity have what size receptive fields ?

A

small

36
Q

what is two-point discrimination ?

A

the smallest seperation between two points on the skin that is perceived as two points rather than one

37
Q

large receptive fields are perceived as ______

A

one point

38
Q

small receptive fields are perceived as ______

A

two points

39
Q

between dorsal root and ventral root which is sensory and which is motor ?

A

sensory = dorsal
motor = ventral

40
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) made up of ?

A

areas 3, 1 and 2 (located on the post central gyrus)

41
Q

what is the primary motor cortex located on ?

A

the precentral gyrus

42
Q

what is homunculus ?

A

homunculus represents either the motor or the sensory distribution along the cerebral cortex of the brain.

43
Q

where are thermoreceptors found ?

A

in the brain

44
Q

what are the three pain fiber types ?

A

beta, delta and C

45
Q

describe alpha beta fiber type characteristics and associated stimuli ?

A

large, myelinated and mechanical stimuli (touch)

46
Q

describe alpha delta fiber type characteristics and associated stimuli ?

A

small, myelinated and intense mechanical or mechanothermal stimuli, fast pain

47
Q

describe C fiber type characteristics and associated stimuli ?

A

small, unmyelinated and heat, cold, slow pain

48
Q

what has a higher threshold nociceptors or themoreceptors ?

A

nociceptors have higher than thermoreceptos

49
Q

more pain = higher or lower threshold

A

higher threshold (higher pain tolerance)

50
Q

name the 7 anatomy parts of the eye

A
  • pupil
  • cornea
  • iris
  • sclera
  • conjunctive
  • extraocular muscles
  • optic nerve
51
Q

what happens at the optic disk ?

A

no photoreceptors present therefore blind at this spot

52
Q

what is the order of retinal processing cells ?

A

ganglion cells – bipolar cells – photoreceptors

53
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors ?

A

cones and rods

54
Q

what are rods ?

A

highly sensitive to light and responsible for vision at low light levels (night vision)

55
Q

what are cones ?

A

less sensitive to light, three types of cones; red blue and green (responsible for colour)

56
Q

what happens to light transduction in the darkness ?

A

rods and cones are depolarized

57
Q

what happens to light transduction in light stimulus ?

A

rods and cones are hyperpolarized

58
Q

what happens to light transduction at recover phase ?

A

all channels are closed

59
Q

what is the fovea ?

A

region of the highest visual acuity very small receptive field

60
Q

which photoreceptors are selectively only present at the fovea ?

A

cones (for colour vision)

61
Q

what are the four types of eye movement

A
  • saccades
  • smooth pursuit
  • vestibule-ocular reflex
  • vergence
62
Q

what is saccades ?

A

rapid, jerky eye movements

63
Q

what is smooth pursuit ?

A

smooth eye movement that keeps the image of a moving object of interest on the fovea

64
Q

what is vestibule-ocular reflex ?

A

stabilizes the eye during a head movement

65
Q

what is vergence ?

A

used when the object of interest is approaching or moving away

66
Q

where do fibres from the nasal part of either eye cross over ?

A

at the optic chiasm

67
Q

what is the order of the visual tract from back to eyes ?

A

primary visual cortez – optic tract – optic chiasm – optic nerve

68
Q

what region of ear directs the sound into the ear ?

A

pinna or outer ear

69
Q

which region of ear funnels and conducts the sound to the middle ear ?

A

ear canal

70
Q

which region of ear separates the external ear from the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

71
Q

which region of ear transfers the sound from the external environment to the inner ear ?

A

small bones

72
Q

what are the three little bones in ear called ?

A

malleus, incus and stapes

73
Q

what do hair cells in ear do ?

A

depolarizes the nerve

74
Q

what do fluid waves travel ?

A

basilar membrane

75
Q

what does tonopoty mean ?

A

different cells responding to different frequencies

76
Q

slow wave = what frequency ?

A

low frequency

77
Q

what is the auditory pathway in the CNS ?

A

ears -> medulla -> midbrain -> thalamus -> auditory cortex

78
Q

where do the nerves cross the body midline in the auditory pathway ?

A

medulla

79
Q

where do projections to cerebellum come from ?

A

midbrain

80
Q

what are the three types of hearing loss ?

A

conductive, sensorineural and central

81
Q

what is sensorineural hearing loss ?

A

damage to structures of inner ear that affects hair cells, or to auditory nerve

82
Q

what is conductive hearing loss ?

A

sound is unable to be transmitted through outer or middle ear

83
Q

what is central conductive hearing loss ?

A

damage to auditory pathways upstream from cochlea (defect in CNS)

84
Q

what does the cochlea in the ear do ?

A

It changes sounds into nerve messages and sends them to your brain.

Physiology 1021 (10 decks)

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