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Physiology 1021 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what cells go through mitosis ?

A

somatic cells

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2
Q

what cells go through meioisis ?

A

sex cells (two rounds)

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3
Q

what is the average age for a first child ?

A

31

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4
Q

what is the average length of a women’s menstrual cycle ?

A

28 days

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5
Q

what is the end goal after meiosis ?

A

4 haploid

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6
Q

what is the end goal after mitosis ?

A

2 daughter cells

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7
Q

what are gametes ?

A

an organisms reproductive organs

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8
Q

what is the male gamete ?

A

spermatozoa

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9
Q

what is the female gamete ?

A

oocytes

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10
Q

what is the common gonads ?

A

hasn’t developed yet.. will eventually become testes or ovaries

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11
Q

is woffian duct in men or women ?

A

men

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12
Q

is mullerian duct in men or women ?

A

women

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13
Q

when becoming either male or female what happens with the mullein/woffian duct ?

A

lose one of them

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14
Q

what does the mullerian duct become ?

A

ovaries

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15
Q

what does the woffian duct become ?

A

testes

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16
Q

what does SRY stand for ?

A

sex determining region

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17
Q

at 6 weeks (during male fetus) what turns on ?

A

SRY Y turns on

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18
Q

why do testes produce MIH ? (what is MIH ?)

A

MIH is mullerian inhibiting hormone and they inhibit that (since for women) and now produce testosterone

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19
Q

what does MIH do ?

A

causes the reduction of the female reproductive structures

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20
Q

what does testosterone do ?

A

causes the maturation of the male reproductive structures

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21
Q

between 7-9 week male embryo where are the testes found ?

A

currently testes are found on the inside

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22
Q

what do the testes do when cold (temperature) ?

A

come closer to the body

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23
Q

what do the testes do when hot (temperature) ?

A

allows them to drop

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24
Q

what are the three parts of the testes ?

A
  • vas deferens
  • epididymus
  • seminiferous tubules
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25
Q

what is the function of the vas deferens ?

A

important for sperm & fluid release

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26
Q

what is the function of the epididymus ?

A

sperm storage and maturation

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27
Q

in which part of the testes do we find a lot of fructose ?

A

epididymus

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28
Q

what is the function of the seminiferous tubules ?

A

sperm, fluid production

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29
Q

which part of the testes is the initiation of sperm production ?

A

seminiferous tubules

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30
Q

what are the three types of cells found within the seminiferous tubules ?

A
  • spermatocytes
  • sertoli cells
  • leydig cells
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31
Q

what are the original sperm before maturation ?

A

spermatocytes

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32
Q

what are spermatocytes ?

A
  • adult stem cell
  • developing sperm cells
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33
Q

what are sertoli cells ?

A
  • support & regulate spermatogenesis
  • blood testes barrier
  • produce inhibin
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34
Q

what is an acronym for sertoli cells ?

A

SSS

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35
Q

what does SSS stand for ?

A

S = FSH
S = sertoli
S = spermatogenisis

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36
Q

what are considered the “nurse cells” ?

A

Sertoli cells

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37
Q

what are leydig cells ?

A
  • produce testosterone
  • stimulated by LH
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38
Q

where are leydig cells located ?

A

located in the space between seminiferous tubules

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39
Q

what is the order of spermatogenesis ?

A

spermatogonia –>
1 spermatocytes –>
2 spermatocytes –>
spermatids –>
spermatozoa

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40
Q

how many steps are there in spermatogenisis ?

A

5

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41
Q

what is the name of the “adult stem cell” ?

A

spermatogonia

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42
Q

in spermatogenisis, when does 2n become 4n ?

A

after meiosis 2

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43
Q

what is spermatogenesis ?

A

development into a mature sperm

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44
Q

what is found anatomically in the head of a mature sperm ?

A

nucleus and acrosome

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45
Q

what is an acrosome ?

A

little lining within the head o the sperm that helps with forcing sperm into egg

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46
Q

what is anatomically found within the tail of the sperm ?

A
  • neck
  • middle piece
  • principal piece
  • end piece
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47
Q

what does the mitochondrial sheath do within the tail of the mature spem ?

A

provides ATP

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48
Q

which part of the mature sperm carries the mitochondria ?

A

middle piece

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49
Q

men create 4 haploids while women produce …

A

1 haploid and 3 polar bodies

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50
Q

what does the principal piece and end piece do ?

A

motility if needed

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51
Q

what happens to the body mature sperm tail once the head enters ?

A

it dissolves in rest of body

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52
Q

what are abnormal gametes ?

A

different sizes, giants/dwarfs

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53
Q

how much % of gametes are abnormal ?

A

10%

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54
Q

do abnormal gametes fertilize ?

A

unlikely to fertilize due to motility issues

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55
Q

how much sperm is released per minute ?

A

1000 sperm per minute

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56
Q

what is the origin of testosterone ?

A

cholesterol

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57
Q

what does cholesterol form ….

A

progesterone

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58
Q

once progesterone is formed from cholesterol what does it can it turn into ?

A

testosterone

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59
Q

what two things can testosterone turn into ?

A

DHT and estradiol

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60
Q

what happens if you lose DHT ?

A

men look more female

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61
Q

what does testosterone use to become DHT ?

A

5-alpha reductase

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62
Q

what does testosterone use to become estradiol ?

A

aromatase

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63
Q

what is DHT ?

A

steroid hormone, promotes prostate growth , etc.

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64
Q

what type of hormone is testosterone ?

A

androgen steroid

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65
Q

where is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone found ?

A

hypothalmus

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66
Q

what does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone do ?

A

causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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67
Q

where is gonadotropins found ?

A

in the pituitary gland

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68
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland release ?

A

LH and FSH

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69
Q

which cells produce testosteron ?

A

leydig cells

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70
Q

what type of feedback is the hormonal release of testosterone ?

A

negative feedback loop

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71
Q

why can men grow more muscle than women ?

A

testosterone levels

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72
Q

what are the 12 parts of the male anatomy ?

A
  • seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, vas deferens, epididymis, testis, scrotum, penis, urethra, bladder and ureter
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73
Q

what does the sperm travel up of ?

A

the vas deferens

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74
Q

where is the inflammation of a STD usually located ?

A

epididymis

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75
Q

where does the ejaculatory duct sit within ?

A

the prostate

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76
Q

what does the bulbourethral gland do ?

A

connects urethra for ejaculation

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77
Q

what are the three reproductive organs of the male ?

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral glands
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78
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles ?

A

bulk of fluid and fructsose rich nourishes the sperm

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79
Q

what is the function of the prostate ?

A

alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic environment of the vagina

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80
Q

what is the function of the bulbourethral glands ?

A

alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic environment of the ureter

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81
Q

what neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina ?

A

prostate

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82
Q

what neutralizes the acidic environment of the ureter ?

A

the bulbourethral glands

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83
Q

what is the difference between sperm and semen ?

A

sperm = individual
semen = sperm + fluid

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84
Q

between sperm and semen, which gives energy and nutrition ?

A

semen

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85
Q

what is andropause ?

A

the male equivalent to women’s menopause

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86
Q

what are some symptoms of andropause ?

A
  • fatigue
  • reduced fertility but not lost
  • reduced muscle mass
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87
Q

why do we experience high levels of testosterone right after birth ?

A

protection against infection and disease

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88
Q

where do we see peaks in male testosterone levels ?

A
  • between fertilization and birth when we produce male gmetes
  • right after birth ( infection and disease)
  • puberty / becoming an adult
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89
Q

what is BPH ?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

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90
Q

what does is mean to have BPH ?

A

a condition in men in which the prostate gland is enlarged and not cancerous

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91
Q

can BPH go away ?

A

no but we can use medicaltion to try and treat

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92
Q

what is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men ?

A

prostate

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93
Q

what tissues are in the testes ?

A

Sertoli cells, leydig cells and spermatogonia

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94
Q

when does meiosis occur ?

A

during spermatogenesis

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95
Q

when does maturation of sperm structure occur ?

A

during spermiogenesis

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96
Q

what can we compare the hormonal release of testosterone with ?

A

AC (once house gets too cold; AC turns off)

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97
Q

is testosterone hydrophobic or hydrophilic ?

A

hydrophobic

98
Q

what is GnRH ?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

99
Q

what is oogenesis ?

A

the process of the formation of a mature ovum from the oogonia in females

100
Q

what is oogonia ?

A

diploid stem cells of ovaries

101
Q

what is happening during the fetal period of oogenesis ?

A

begin meiosis 1 and stops at prophase

102
Q

when does meiosis 2 continue for women ?

A

once the egg is fertilized

103
Q

what is happening with oogenesis during childhood ?

A

remains inactive in cortex of immature ovary until puberty

104
Q

what happens with oogenesis during puberty ?

A
  • small number activated each month
  • only one continues through meiosis
105
Q

when does ovulation begin ?

A

day 14

106
Q

when an egg is released where does it travel ?

A

picked up through the fallopian tubes

107
Q

when does an oogonia become an ovum ?

A

once ovulated

108
Q

when can oogenesis continue to meiosis 2 ?

A

if fertilized by the sperm

109
Q

what is an ovum called once fertilize ?

A

zygote

110
Q

when does meiosis 1 begin ?

A

during fetal development

111
Q

when do primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 ?

A

after puberty

112
Q

what happens once primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 ?

A

this produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body

113
Q

when does a secondary oocyte begin meiosis 2 ?

A

once puberty begins

114
Q

when does meiosis 2 resume ?

A

after fertilization

115
Q

what two things uniting form a diploid (2n) zygote ?

A

the nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum

116
Q

why does a fertilized zygote have a pronuclei ?

A

one paternal and one maternal

117
Q

what is the zona pellucida ?

A

egg shell around the oocyte

118
Q

name a similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis ?

A

both end up with a gamete with half the amount of chromosomes

119
Q

why do gametes have 23 rather than 46 chromosomes ?

A

in order to eventually meet with their other “half”

120
Q

after meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 of spermatogenesis what is the result ?

A

4 spermatids

121
Q

what is the viability of oocytes ?

A

usually fertilized within 12 hours of ovulation

122
Q

when can oocytes no longer be fertilized ?

A

after 24 hours

123
Q

what is the viability of spermatozoa ?

A

viable for approximately 48 hours in female reproductive trunk `

124
Q

what are the two main organs of the female reproductive system ?

A

ovary and uterus

125
Q

what is an ovary made of ?

A

oogenesis + hormones

126
Q

what is the uterus ?

A

site of implantation

127
Q

what does it mean to have an ectopic pregancy ?

A

baby is fertilized outside the uterus

128
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete ?

A

estrogen and progesterone

129
Q

what is folliculogenesis ?

A

process by which a follicle forms, develops eventually to release the mature oocyte

130
Q

what are the two cell types in a male that help sperm develop and are part of the testes ?

A

sertoli and leydig cells

131
Q

what are the two cell types in a female that help the oocyte develop and make up the follicle that surrounds the oocyte ?

A

theca and granulosa cells

132
Q

what are the two support cells of the female follicle ?

A

theca and granulosa

133
Q

where are the theca and granulosa cells found ?

A

surrounding the egg

134
Q

what is the order of the maturation of the follicle ?

A
  • primordial follicle
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • Graafian follicle
135
Q

what is found at the primordial follicle ?

A

primary oocyte and granulosa cells

136
Q

what is found at the primary follicle ?

A
  • 1 oocyte
  • zona pellucida
  • granulosa cells
137
Q

what do the granulosa cells do within the maturation of the follicle ?

A

supports nucleus

138
Q

what is found at the secondary follicle ?

A
  • 1 oocyte
  • zona pellucida
  • granulosa cells
  • theca cells
139
Q

between theca and granulosa cells which are on the outer layer ?

A

theca

140
Q

what is found in the graadian follicle ?

A
  • 1 oocyte
  • 2 oocyte
  • zona pellucida
    -granulosa cells
  • theca cells
141
Q

what is the antrum within the follicle ?

A

fluid filled sac (allows egg to get bigger)

142
Q

what happens if two Graafian follicles are released ?

A

twins

143
Q

what is follicle ?

A

support cells and oocyte

144
Q

define the primordial follicle :

A
  • dormant stage, has not started to mature yet
  • will react to FSH and start to mature at puberty
145
Q

define the primary follicle :

A

FSH has stimulated the follicle to begin developing one new cell type

146
Q

define the secondary follicle :

A

the follicle develops second new cell type

147
Q

define the graffiaan follicle :

A

the follicle develops an atrum

148
Q

define ovulation :

A

the ovum is ejected out of the ovary and is picked up by the uterine tubes

149
Q

define the corpus luteum :

A

the remaining cells from the corpus luteum and make progesterone

150
Q

what stage of the menstrual cycle are we least fertile ?

A

menstruation

151
Q

what state is has the best chance of conception ?

A

ovulation

152
Q

what stage of the menstrual cycle is considered “the fertile window” ?

A

ovulation

153
Q

what is the luteal phase ?

A

thinking if the uterine lining after ovulation

154
Q

what is the follicular phase ?

A

menstruation till end of ovulation

155
Q

what is the fallopian tube ?

A

passage for sperm and oocyte

156
Q

what is the cervix ?

A

entrance to the uterus

157
Q

what is the vagina ?

A

site of sperm deposition, removal of menstrual fluid

158
Q

how is the LH and FSH levels during early-mid follicular stage of ovulation ?

A

pretty stable level

159
Q

what happens do LH and FSH levels during late follicular stage of ovulation ?

A

very high LH and slight increase in FSH

160
Q

what happens to LH and FSH levels during luteal phase of ovulation ?

A

pretty stable

161
Q

how are estrogen, inhibin and progesterone levels during early-mid follicular stage of ovulation ?

A

low and stable until approaching late follicular stage

162
Q

how are estrogen, inhibin and progesterone levels during late -follicular ovulation ?

A

very high

163
Q

how are estrogen, inhibin and progesterone levels during luteal phase of ovulation ?

A

decrease until they hit another peak high and return back down

164
Q

in regards to regulating reproductive function; when do we have a negative feedback loop ?

A

low GnRH, LH and FSH

165
Q

in regards to regulating reproductive function; when do we have a positive feedback loop ?

A

high GnRH, LH, FSH

166
Q

what is the peak phase in all of your hormones ?

A

late follicular phase

167
Q

what does it mean when women have really bad cramps ?

A

very high estrogen and progesterone levels

168
Q

does a corpus luteum always completely mature in the luteal phase ?

A

no! only if fertilized

169
Q

what are the six parts of female reproductive anatomy ?

A

Fallopian tube, ovaries, cervix, vagina, urethra, bladder, and uterus

170
Q

what events happen in the uterus ?

A

menstrual cycle

171
Q

what events happen in the ovary ?

A

produce and store your egg and make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy

172
Q

within the menstrual cycle, where is there a decrease in cervical mucous ?

A

ovulation period

173
Q

what does it mean if theres a decrease in cervical muscous ?

A

prevent sperm from getting through

174
Q

to get pregnant is it better to have an increased or decreased amount of cervical mucous ?

A

increased

175
Q

what is the ovarian phase ?

A

all the phases for fertilization (early-mid follicular, late follicular and luteal)

176
Q

what are the three phases of the ovarian phases;

A
  • early-mid follicular
  • late follicular
  • luteal
177
Q

what is the uterine phase ?

A

governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining

178
Q

what are the three phases within the uterine phase ?

A
  • menses
  • proliferative phase
  • secretory phase
179
Q

what is menses ?

A

when uterus is sheading (period)

180
Q

what is the proliferative phase ?

A

rebuilding of the uterus walls

181
Q

what is the secretory phase ?

A

day 14 - 28 (after ovulation till menstruation occurs again)

182
Q

what are progesterone and estrogen secreted by ?

A

the corpus luteum

183
Q

where does the corpus luteum develop from ?

A

Graafian follicle

184
Q

during uterine events; when is there a body temperature drop ?

A

day 14

185
Q

during uterine events; when is body temperature the highest ?

A

during the secretory phase

186
Q

what are the effects of female sex hormones on the body ?

A
  • development of breasts.
  • the growth of pubic and armpit hair
  • growth spurt.
  • increase in body fat, especially in the hips and thighs.
  • the maturation of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
  • the start of the menstrual cycle.
187
Q

what are sex steroid hormone effects ?

A
  • uterine changes (estrogen and progesterone)
  • feedback (neg/pos)
  • cardiovascular health
  • bone density
  • breast changes
188
Q

what is an example of an oral contreceptive ?

A

birth control pills

189
Q

what is the combined contraceptive ?

A

combined pill that has both estrogen and progesterone

190
Q

what are the components of the combined contraeptive ?

A
  • estrogen and progesterone neg feedback onto the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (suppresses GnRH, LH, FSH
  • suppresses follicular development and ovulation
  • affects the uterine tubes’ ability to transport sperm
  • affects the thicness to the cervical mucus, present sperm entry into the uterus
  • affects endometrial receptivity
191
Q

what is endometrial receptivity ?

A

the ability of the endometrium to successfully attach the blastocyst, to nourish it and keep it alive

192
Q

whats is the endometrium ?

A

the layer of tissue that lines the uterus

193
Q

what are the components of the mini-pill ?

A
  • this suppresses GnRH, LH, FSH
  • decreases follicular development and ovulation
  • affects the uterine tube’s ability to transport sperm
  • affects the thickness to the cervical mucus, preventing sperm entry into the uterus
  • affects endometrial receptivity
194
Q

what is endometriosis ?

A

when the lining of your uterus grows outside of the uterus and attaches to other parts of your body

195
Q

what are some symptoms of endometriosis ?

A
  • fatigue
  • chronic lower back pain
  • pelvic pain
  • digestive issues
  • abdomen pain
  • vaginal pain
  • cramps
196
Q

what are some complications of endometriosis ?

A
  • infertility
  • ovarian cysts
  • inflammation
  • ovarian cancer
  • intestinal and bladder complications
197
Q

what is menopause ?

A

when a women’s period stops

198
Q

what helps build up bone ?

A

estrogen

199
Q

what does it mean if we have less estrogen ?

A

we lose the negative feedback effect

200
Q

what happens when women are reaching menopause ?

A

FSH and LH levels rise drastically causing stage fluctuations in primary follicle recruitment and estrogen levels

201
Q

during pre-menopause, what happens when the pituitary becomes exhausted ?

A

LH and FSH levels drop

202
Q

when does menopause usually occur ?

A

between ages 45-55

203
Q

what are symptoms of pre-menopause/menopause ?

A
  • hot flashes
  • loss of fertility
  • changes in bone health
  • metabolic changes
  • vaginal dryness
204
Q

what is the main mode of function to prevent ovulation ?

A

birth control

205
Q

what does birth control do to cervical mucus ?

A

keep cervical mucus in a thick barrier state

206
Q

levels of _______ keep cervical mucus in a thick barrier state (when using birth control)

A

progesterone

207
Q

what does birth control do to estrogen levels ?

A

keep estrogen at levels that negatively feedback back to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

208
Q

combination pills of estrogen and progesterone are taken for ______

A

21 days, followed by 7 placebo pills

209
Q

what is an IUD ?

A

form of birth control (IintraUterine Device)

210
Q

what does an IUD do ?

A
  • releases low dose of progesterone
  • affects uterine lining and affect cervical mucus
  • does not affect ovulation
211
Q

how long does an IUD usually last ?

A

about five years

212
Q

around how much sperm is ejaculated per mL ?

A

15 million/mL - 200 million/mL

213
Q

around how much sperm reaches the ovum ?

A

50-100

214
Q

how much sperm enters the egg for fertilization ?

A

1

215
Q

what does “monozygotic mean ?

A

(twins) derived from a single ovum, and so identical

216
Q

what happens if you have 1 sperm, 1 egg and it splits in half ?

A

identical/monozygotic twins

217
Q

what is cumulus cells ?

A

a group of closely associated granulosa cells that surround the oocyte and participate in the processes of oocyte maturation and fertilization

218
Q

during fertilization what is the ovum surrounded by ?

A

cumulus cells and zona pellucida

219
Q

what are the 5 steps to fertilization ?

A
  1. get to cumulous cells and break through using hyaluronidase
  2. reaches zona pellucida & binds to oocyte membrane
  3. acrosome reaction triggered
  4. fuse with plasma membrane
  5. block polyspermy
220
Q

what are the 5 steps to creating a zygote ?

A
  1. head enters cytoplasm of ovum
  2. meiosis 2 completed: polar body forms
  3. two nuclei fuse (diploid)
  4. zygote is created
  5. rapid cell division (mitosis) begins
221
Q

describe the pre-implantation development stages:

A
  • zygote
  • 4-cell stage
  • morula
    -blastocyte (day 5 post-fertilizer)
222
Q

what is getting released from the Fallopian tubes ?

A

blastocyst

223
Q

what two cells types are found within the blastocytes ?

A

trophoblast cells and inner cell mass

224
Q

what happens during implantation of blastocyst ?

A

trophoblast cells digest endometrium (create lacunae)

225
Q

what happens when the trophoblast cells digest endometrium ?

A

lacunae is created

226
Q

what is lacunae in regards to placenta development ?

A

form to serve as a direct connection to the maternal blood

227
Q

what is chorionic villi ?

A

tiny projections of placental tissue that look like fingers and contain the same genetic material as the fetus

228
Q

what is the acronym to remember the connection of vessels to the baby’s umbilical cord ?

A

AVA (two arteries and one vein)

229
Q

what is the hormone that the embryo produces called ?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

230
Q

what does hCG do ?

A

tells corpus leutium to be maintained

231
Q

what hormone does a pregnancy test detect ?

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin

232
Q

what happens to hCG levels in the case of down syndrome ?

A

hCG levels are higher

233
Q

describe hormonal changes due to the placenta :

A
  • estrogen elevates around 20 weeks
  • progesterone elevates around 20 weeks
  • hCG extremely elevates at 4 weeks and drops down at 20 weeks
234
Q

where does fertilization occur ?

A

uterine tube

235
Q

what events occur for fertilization to be succesfull ?

A

sperm must reach the ovum, cross the cumulous cells, have the acrosome reaction, and merge with the oolemma

236
Q

what is the oolemma ?

A

the cell membrane of an oocyte

237
Q

briefly explain uterine implantation and which cells form the placenta ?

A

trophoblast cells invade and embed into the uterus

238
Q

explain the structure of the placenta:

A

the placenta is made up of both the uterine cells and the tropoblasts cells

239
Q

why is the placenta important ?

A

where the mother and the fetus exchange gasses, oxygen and nutrients

240
Q

what is the function of the placenta ?

A

it creates an area for gas and waste exchange

Physiology 1021 (10 decks)

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