Reproductive System Flashcards
what cells go through mitosis ?
somatic cells
what cells go through meioisis ?
sex cells (two rounds)
what is the average age for a first child ?
31
what is the average length of a women’s menstrual cycle ?
28 days
what is the end goal after meiosis ?
4 haploid
what is the end goal after mitosis ?
2 daughter cells
what are gametes ?
an organisms reproductive organs
what is the male gamete ?
spermatozoa
what is the female gamete ?
oocytes
what is the common gonads ?
hasn’t developed yet.. will eventually become testes or ovaries
is woffian duct in men or women ?
men
is mullerian duct in men or women ?
women
when becoming either male or female what happens with the mullein/woffian duct ?
lose one of them
what does the mullerian duct become ?
ovaries
what does the woffian duct become ?
testes
what does SRY stand for ?
sex determining region
at 6 weeks (during male fetus) what turns on ?
SRY Y turns on
why do testes produce MIH ? (what is MIH ?)
MIH is mullerian inhibiting hormone and they inhibit that (since for women) and now produce testosterone
what does MIH do ?
causes the reduction of the female reproductive structures
what does testosterone do ?
causes the maturation of the male reproductive structures
between 7-9 week male embryo where are the testes found ?
currently testes are found on the inside
what do the testes do when cold (temperature) ?
come closer to the body
what do the testes do when hot (temperature) ?
allows them to drop
what are the three parts of the testes ?
- vas deferens
- epididymus
- seminiferous tubules
what is the function of the vas deferens ?
important for sperm & fluid release
what is the function of the epididymus ?
sperm storage and maturation
in which part of the testes do we find a lot of fructose ?
epididymus
what is the function of the seminiferous tubules ?
sperm, fluid production
which part of the testes is the initiation of sperm production ?
seminiferous tubules
what are the three types of cells found within the seminiferous tubules ?
- spermatocytes
- sertoli cells
- leydig cells
what are the original sperm before maturation ?
spermatocytes
what are spermatocytes ?
- adult stem cell
- developing sperm cells
what are sertoli cells ?
- support & regulate spermatogenesis
- blood testes barrier
- produce inhibin
what is an acronym for sertoli cells ?
SSS
what does SSS stand for ?
S = FSH
S = sertoli
S = spermatogenisis
what are considered the “nurse cells” ?
Sertoli cells
what are leydig cells ?
- produce testosterone
- stimulated by LH
where are leydig cells located ?
located in the space between seminiferous tubules
what is the order of spermatogenesis ?
spermatogonia –>
1 spermatocytes –>
2 spermatocytes –>
spermatids –>
spermatozoa
how many steps are there in spermatogenisis ?
5
what is the name of the “adult stem cell” ?
spermatogonia
in spermatogenisis, when does 2n become 4n ?
after meiosis 2
what is spermatogenesis ?
development into a mature sperm
what is found anatomically in the head of a mature sperm ?
nucleus and acrosome
what is an acrosome ?
little lining within the head o the sperm that helps with forcing sperm into egg
what is anatomically found within the tail of the sperm ?
- neck
- middle piece
- principal piece
- end piece
what does the mitochondrial sheath do within the tail of the mature spem ?
provides ATP
which part of the mature sperm carries the mitochondria ?
middle piece
men create 4 haploids while women produce …
1 haploid and 3 polar bodies
what does the principal piece and end piece do ?
motility if needed
what happens to the body mature sperm tail once the head enters ?
it dissolves in rest of body
what are abnormal gametes ?
different sizes, giants/dwarfs
how much % of gametes are abnormal ?
10%
do abnormal gametes fertilize ?
unlikely to fertilize due to motility issues
how much sperm is released per minute ?
1000 sperm per minute
what is the origin of testosterone ?
cholesterol
what does cholesterol form ….
progesterone
once progesterone is formed from cholesterol what does it can it turn into ?
testosterone
what two things can testosterone turn into ?
DHT and estradiol
what happens if you lose DHT ?
men look more female
what does testosterone use to become DHT ?
5-alpha reductase
what does testosterone use to become estradiol ?
aromatase
what is DHT ?
steroid hormone, promotes prostate growth , etc.
what type of hormone is testosterone ?
androgen steroid
where is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone found ?
hypothalmus
what does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone do ?
causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
where is gonadotropins found ?
in the pituitary gland
what does the anterior pituitary gland release ?
LH and FSH
which cells produce testosteron ?
leydig cells
what type of feedback is the hormonal release of testosterone ?
negative feedback loop
why can men grow more muscle than women ?
testosterone levels
what are the 12 parts of the male anatomy ?
- seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, vas deferens, epididymis, testis, scrotum, penis, urethra, bladder and ureter
what does the sperm travel up of ?
the vas deferens
where is the inflammation of a STD usually located ?
epididymis
where does the ejaculatory duct sit within ?
the prostate
what does the bulbourethral gland do ?
connects urethra for ejaculation
what are the three reproductive organs of the male ?
- seminal vesicles
- prostate
- bulbourethral glands
what is the function of the seminal vesicles ?
bulk of fluid and fructsose rich nourishes the sperm
what is the function of the prostate ?
alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic environment of the vagina
what is the function of the bulbourethral glands ?
alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic environment of the ureter
what neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina ?
prostate
what neutralizes the acidic environment of the ureter ?
the bulbourethral glands
what is the difference between sperm and semen ?
sperm = individual
semen = sperm + fluid
between sperm and semen, which gives energy and nutrition ?
semen
what is andropause ?
the male equivalent to women’s menopause
what are some symptoms of andropause ?
- fatigue
- reduced fertility but not lost
- reduced muscle mass
why do we experience high levels of testosterone right after birth ?
protection against infection and disease
where do we see peaks in male testosterone levels ?
- between fertilization and birth when we produce male gmetes
- right after birth ( infection and disease)
- puberty / becoming an adult
what is BPH ?
benign prostatic hyperplasia
what does is mean to have BPH ?
a condition in men in which the prostate gland is enlarged and not cancerous
can BPH go away ?
no but we can use medicaltion to try and treat
what is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men ?
prostate
what tissues are in the testes ?
Sertoli cells, leydig cells and spermatogonia
when does meiosis occur ?
during spermatogenesis
when does maturation of sperm structure occur ?
during spermiogenesis
what can we compare the hormonal release of testosterone with ?
AC (once house gets too cold; AC turns off)
is testosterone hydrophobic or hydrophilic ?
hydrophobic
what is GnRH ?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
what is oogenesis ?
the process of the formation of a mature ovum from the oogonia in females
what is oogonia ?
diploid stem cells of ovaries
what is happening during the fetal period of oogenesis ?
begin meiosis 1 and stops at prophase
when does meiosis 2 continue for women ?
once the egg is fertilized
what is happening with oogenesis during childhood ?
remains inactive in cortex of immature ovary until puberty
what happens with oogenesis during puberty ?
- small number activated each month
- only one continues through meiosis
when does ovulation begin ?
day 14
when an egg is released where does it travel ?
picked up through the fallopian tubes
when does an oogonia become an ovum ?
once ovulated
when can oogenesis continue to meiosis 2 ?
if fertilized by the sperm
what is an ovum called once fertilize ?
zygote
when does meiosis 1 begin ?
during fetal development
when do primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 ?
after puberty
what happens once primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 ?
this produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body
when does a secondary oocyte begin meiosis 2 ?
once puberty begins
when does meiosis 2 resume ?
after fertilization
what two things uniting form a diploid (2n) zygote ?
the nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum
why does a fertilized zygote have a pronuclei ?
one paternal and one maternal
what is the zona pellucida ?
egg shell around the oocyte
name a similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis ?
both end up with a gamete with half the amount of chromosomes
why do gametes have 23 rather than 46 chromosomes ?
in order to eventually meet with their other “half”
after meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 of spermatogenesis what is the result ?
4 spermatids
what is the viability of oocytes ?
usually fertilized within 12 hours of ovulation
when can oocytes no longer be fertilized ?
after 24 hours
what is the viability of spermatozoa ?
viable for approximately 48 hours in female reproductive trunk `
what are the two main organs of the female reproductive system ?
ovary and uterus
what is an ovary made of ?
oogenesis + hormones
what is the uterus ?
site of implantation
what does it mean to have an ectopic pregancy ?
baby is fertilized outside the uterus
what does the corpus luteum secrete ?
estrogen and progesterone
what is folliculogenesis ?
process by which a follicle forms, develops eventually to release the mature oocyte
what are the two cell types in a male that help sperm develop and are part of the testes ?
sertoli and leydig cells
what are the two cell types in a female that help the oocyte develop and make up the follicle that surrounds the oocyte ?
theca and granulosa cells
what are the two support cells of the female follicle ?
theca and granulosa
where are the theca and granulosa cells found ?
surrounding the egg
what is the order of the maturation of the follicle ?
- primordial follicle
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- Graafian follicle
what is found at the primordial follicle ?
primary oocyte and granulosa cells
what is found at the primary follicle ?
- 1 oocyte
- zona pellucida
- granulosa cells
what do the granulosa cells do within the maturation of the follicle ?
supports nucleus
what is found at the secondary follicle ?
- 1 oocyte
- zona pellucida
- granulosa cells
- theca cells
between theca and granulosa cells which are on the outer layer ?
theca
what is found in the graadian follicle ?
- 1 oocyte
- 2 oocyte
- zona pellucida
-granulosa cells - theca cells
what is the antrum within the follicle ?
fluid filled sac (allows egg to get bigger)
what happens if two Graafian follicles are released ?
twins
what is follicle ?
support cells and oocyte
define the primordial follicle :
- dormant stage, has not started to mature yet
- will react to FSH and start to mature at puberty
define the primary follicle :
FSH has stimulated the follicle to begin developing one new cell type
define the secondary follicle :
the follicle develops second new cell type
define the graffiaan follicle :
the follicle develops an atrum
define ovulation :
the ovum is ejected out of the ovary and is picked up by the uterine tubes
define the corpus luteum :
the remaining cells from the corpus luteum and make progesterone
what stage of the menstrual cycle are we least fertile ?
menstruation
what state is has the best chance of conception ?
ovulation
what stage of the menstrual cycle is considered “the fertile window” ?
ovulation
what is the luteal phase ?
thinking if the uterine lining after ovulation
what is the follicular phase ?
menstruation till end of ovulation
what is the fallopian tube ?
passage for sperm and oocyte
what is the cervix ?
entrance to the uterus
what is the vagina ?
site of sperm deposition, removal of menstrual fluid
how is the LH and FSH levels during early-mid follicular stage of ovulation ?
pretty stable level
what happens do LH and FSH levels during late follicular stage of ovulation ?
very high LH and slight increase in FSH
what happens to LH and FSH levels during luteal phase of ovulation ?
pretty stable
how are estrogen, inhibin and progesterone levels during early-mid follicular stage of ovulation ?
low and stable until approaching late follicular stage
how are estrogen, inhibin and progesterone levels during late -follicular ovulation ?
very high
how are estrogen, inhibin and progesterone levels during luteal phase of ovulation ?
decrease until they hit another peak high and return back down
in regards to regulating reproductive function; when do we have a negative feedback loop ?
low GnRH, LH and FSH
in regards to regulating reproductive function; when do we have a positive feedback loop ?
high GnRH, LH, FSH
what is the peak phase in all of your hormones ?
late follicular phase
what does it mean when women have really bad cramps ?
very high estrogen and progesterone levels
does a corpus luteum always completely mature in the luteal phase ?
no! only if fertilized
what are the six parts of female reproductive anatomy ?
Fallopian tube, ovaries, cervix, vagina, urethra, bladder, and uterus
what events happen in the uterus ?
menstrual cycle
what events happen in the ovary ?
produce and store your egg and make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy
within the menstrual cycle, where is there a decrease in cervical mucous ?
ovulation period
what does it mean if theres a decrease in cervical muscous ?
prevent sperm from getting through
to get pregnant is it better to have an increased or decreased amount of cervical mucous ?
increased
what is the ovarian phase ?
all the phases for fertilization (early-mid follicular, late follicular and luteal)
what are the three phases of the ovarian phases;
- early-mid follicular
- late follicular
- luteal
what is the uterine phase ?
governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining
what are the three phases within the uterine phase ?
- menses
- proliferative phase
- secretory phase
what is menses ?
when uterus is sheading (period)
what is the proliferative phase ?
rebuilding of the uterus walls
what is the secretory phase ?
day 14 - 28 (after ovulation till menstruation occurs again)
what are progesterone and estrogen secreted by ?
the corpus luteum
where does the corpus luteum develop from ?
Graafian follicle
during uterine events; when is there a body temperature drop ?
day 14
during uterine events; when is body temperature the highest ?
during the secretory phase
what are the effects of female sex hormones on the body ?
- development of breasts.
- the growth of pubic and armpit hair
- growth spurt.
- increase in body fat, especially in the hips and thighs.
- the maturation of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
- the start of the menstrual cycle.
what are sex steroid hormone effects ?
- uterine changes (estrogen and progesterone)
- feedback (neg/pos)
- cardiovascular health
- bone density
- breast changes
what is an example of an oral contreceptive ?
birth control pills
what is the combined contraceptive ?
combined pill that has both estrogen and progesterone
what are the components of the combined contraeptive ?
- estrogen and progesterone neg feedback onto the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (suppresses GnRH, LH, FSH
- suppresses follicular development and ovulation
- affects the uterine tubes’ ability to transport sperm
- affects the thicness to the cervical mucus, present sperm entry into the uterus
- affects endometrial receptivity
what is endometrial receptivity ?
the ability of the endometrium to successfully attach the blastocyst, to nourish it and keep it alive
whats is the endometrium ?
the layer of tissue that lines the uterus
what are the components of the mini-pill ?
- this suppresses GnRH, LH, FSH
- decreases follicular development and ovulation
- affects the uterine tube’s ability to transport sperm
- affects the thickness to the cervical mucus, preventing sperm entry into the uterus
- affects endometrial receptivity
what is endometriosis ?
when the lining of your uterus grows outside of the uterus and attaches to other parts of your body
what are some symptoms of endometriosis ?
- fatigue
- chronic lower back pain
- pelvic pain
- digestive issues
- abdomen pain
- vaginal pain
- cramps
what are some complications of endometriosis ?
- infertility
- ovarian cysts
- inflammation
- ovarian cancer
- intestinal and bladder complications
what is menopause ?
when a women’s period stops
what helps build up bone ?
estrogen
what does it mean if we have less estrogen ?
we lose the negative feedback effect
what happens when women are reaching menopause ?
FSH and LH levels rise drastically causing stage fluctuations in primary follicle recruitment and estrogen levels
during pre-menopause, what happens when the pituitary becomes exhausted ?
LH and FSH levels drop
when does menopause usually occur ?
between ages 45-55
what are symptoms of pre-menopause/menopause ?
- hot flashes
- loss of fertility
- changes in bone health
- metabolic changes
- vaginal dryness
what is the main mode of function to prevent ovulation ?
birth control
what does birth control do to cervical mucus ?
keep cervical mucus in a thick barrier state
levels of _______ keep cervical mucus in a thick barrier state (when using birth control)
progesterone
what does birth control do to estrogen levels ?
keep estrogen at levels that negatively feedback back to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
combination pills of estrogen and progesterone are taken for ______
21 days, followed by 7 placebo pills
what is an IUD ?
form of birth control (IintraUterine Device)
what does an IUD do ?
- releases low dose of progesterone
- affects uterine lining and affect cervical mucus
- does not affect ovulation
how long does an IUD usually last ?
about five years
around how much sperm is ejaculated per mL ?
15 million/mL - 200 million/mL
around how much sperm reaches the ovum ?
50-100
how much sperm enters the egg for fertilization ?
1
what does “monozygotic mean ?
(twins) derived from a single ovum, and so identical
what happens if you have 1 sperm, 1 egg and it splits in half ?
identical/monozygotic twins
what is cumulus cells ?
a group of closely associated granulosa cells that surround the oocyte and participate in the processes of oocyte maturation and fertilization
during fertilization what is the ovum surrounded by ?
cumulus cells and zona pellucida
what are the 5 steps to fertilization ?
- get to cumulous cells and break through using hyaluronidase
- reaches zona pellucida & binds to oocyte membrane
- acrosome reaction triggered
- fuse with plasma membrane
- block polyspermy
what are the 5 steps to creating a zygote ?
- head enters cytoplasm of ovum
- meiosis 2 completed: polar body forms
- two nuclei fuse (diploid)
- zygote is created
- rapid cell division (mitosis) begins
describe the pre-implantation development stages:
- zygote
- 4-cell stage
- morula
-blastocyte (day 5 post-fertilizer)
what is getting released from the Fallopian tubes ?
blastocyst
what two cells types are found within the blastocytes ?
trophoblast cells and inner cell mass
what happens during implantation of blastocyst ?
trophoblast cells digest endometrium (create lacunae)
what happens when the trophoblast cells digest endometrium ?
lacunae is created
what is lacunae in regards to placenta development ?
form to serve as a direct connection to the maternal blood
what is chorionic villi ?
tiny projections of placental tissue that look like fingers and contain the same genetic material as the fetus
what is the acronym to remember the connection of vessels to the baby’s umbilical cord ?
AVA (two arteries and one vein)
what is the hormone that the embryo produces called ?
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
what does hCG do ?
tells corpus leutium to be maintained
what hormone does a pregnancy test detect ?
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin
what happens to hCG levels in the case of down syndrome ?
hCG levels are higher
describe hormonal changes due to the placenta :
- estrogen elevates around 20 weeks
- progesterone elevates around 20 weeks
- hCG extremely elevates at 4 weeks and drops down at 20 weeks
where does fertilization occur ?
uterine tube
what events occur for fertilization to be succesfull ?
sperm must reach the ovum, cross the cumulous cells, have the acrosome reaction, and merge with the oolemma
what is the oolemma ?
the cell membrane of an oocyte
briefly explain uterine implantation and which cells form the placenta ?
trophoblast cells invade and embed into the uterus
explain the structure of the placenta:
the placenta is made up of both the uterine cells and the tropoblasts cells
why is the placenta important ?
where the mother and the fetus exchange gasses, oxygen and nutrients
what is the function of the placenta ?
it creates an area for gas and waste exchange
