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Physiology 1021 > Endocrine physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis ?

A

maintaining the internal environment regardless of what is going on int the external environment

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2
Q

what kind of communication is there in the body ?

A

long distance and short distance

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3
Q

what are two examples of long distance ?

A

nervous and endocrine system

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4
Q

what are two examples of short distance ?

A

autocrine and paracrine

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5
Q

what is the type of chemical signal in endocrine system ?

A

hormone (cholesterol or steroid)

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6
Q

what signal travels where in endocrine system ?

A

blood

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7
Q

what is the speed of communication in endocrine system ?

A

much slower

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8
Q

what is a hormone ?

A

a chemical signal secreted into the blood to act on a distant tissue

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9
Q

what is a neurohormones ?

A

a chemical signal secreted into the blood from a neuron to act on a distant tissue

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10
Q

how does hormone signalling work ?

A
  • endocrine cells release hormone
  • hormones circulate throughout the body
  • hormones will only bind to their specific receptors
  • only target cells will express that receptor
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11
Q

what is released from the pineal gland ?

A

melatonin

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12
Q

what is released from the pituitary gland ?

A

oxytocin and ADH

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13
Q

what is released from the thyroid ?

A

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

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14
Q

what is released from the adrenal glands ?

A

aldosterone, epinephrin, cortisol, androgens

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15
Q

what is released from the pancreas ?

A

insulin and glucagon

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16
Q

what is released from the gonads ?

A

estrogen, progesterone, etc

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17
Q

what is released by the small intestine ?

A

cholecystokinin, secretin, GIP, and GLP-1

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18
Q

what is released by the stomach ?

A

gastrin and somatostatin

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19
Q

what is somatostatin ?

A

neuro endocrine inhibitor (inhibits pituitary secretion, memory fiction, etc)

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20
Q

what is cholecystokinin ?

A

pancreatic secretions & gallbladder contractions

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21
Q

what are protein hormones ?

A

examples : hormones from the hypothalamus and the pituitary and pacrease
precursor : amino acids
solubility : hydrophilic and dissolves in blood
location of receptor : membrane bound (receptor)
time before onset of action : fast acting and short lived

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22
Q

what are steroid hormones ?

A

examples : estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol
precursor : cholesterol
solubility : lipophilic and bound to a protein
location of receptor : intracellular
time before onset of action : slow acting and long lived

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23
Q

what are amine hormones ?

A

examples : thyroid hormone and epinephrin
precursor : tyrosine
solubility : some are lipophilic and bound to a protein while some are hydrophilic and circulate freely

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24
Q

where are membrane receptors found ?

A

outside cell near blood vessel

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25
Q

what does the hypothalamus do for the pituitary gland ?

A

regulates it

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26
Q

what are the two parts the pituitary gland is divided into ?

A

anterior and posterior

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27
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland responsible for ?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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28
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland do ?

A

produces and secreted its own hormones

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29
Q

what does ADH do ?

A

promotes water reabsorption in kidneys (no urine)

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30
Q

how do neurotransmitters differ from a hormone and neurohormone ?

A

short distance and long distance

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31
Q

how does hydrophobic hormones travel ?

A

binds to phospholipid plasma membrane receptors and circulates unbound

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32
Q

how does hydrophilic hormones travel ?

A

binds an intracellular receptors and circulates inside bound to a protein

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33
Q

what does oxytocin do ?

A
  • promotes uterus contractions
  • promotes milk excretion
  • makes you feel happy/comforted (hugs)
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34
Q

hypothalamus hormones =
anterior pituitary hormone =

A

peptide neurohormones
peptide hormones

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35
Q

hypothalamus hormone GnRh = anterior pituitary hormone _____ (target tissues = )

A

LH and FSH (target tissues = gonads, ovaries, testes)

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36
Q

hypothalamus hormone TRH = anterior pituitary hormone _____ (target tissues = )

A

TSH (target tissue = thyroid gland)

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37
Q

hypothalamus hormone CRH = anterior pituitary hormone _____ (target tissues = )

A

ACTH (target tissue = adrenal glands)

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38
Q

hypothalamus hormone GHRH = anterior pituitary hormone _____ (target tissues = )

A

GH “growth hormone) (target tissue = bone, skeletal muscle, liver, etc)

39
Q

hypothalamus hormone PIH/PRH = anterior pituitary hormone _____ (target tissues = )

A

prolactin “too much dopamine doesn’t make prolactin” (target tissue = mammary glands)

40
Q

where is TRH released from ?

A

hypothalmus

41
Q

where is TSH released from ?

A

pituitary gland

42
Q

how is hormone release from the anterior pituitary regulated ?

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

43
Q

what is the precursors for thyroid hormones ?

A

thyroxine and iodine, come from nutrition

44
Q

what happens at the colloid ?

A

site of T3 and T4 storage

45
Q

what are two thyroid hormone diseases ?

A

hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

46
Q

what is hypothyroidism ?

A

decrease (loss) in T3 and T4

47
Q

what is hyperthyroidism ?

A

increase (gain) in T3 and T4

48
Q

what are some symptoms of hypothyroidism ?

A
  • low metabolic rate
  • sensitive to cold room temperatures
  • weight gain due to decreased fat breakdown and increased fat storage
  • depression, easily fatigued
  • low blood pressure
49
Q

what are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism ?

A
  • high metabolic rate
  • sensitive to warm room temperatures
  • weight loss due to increase fat breakdown and decreased fat storage
  • hyperactive or “nervous” activity
  • rapid heart rate
50
Q

what is a goiter ?

A

enlarged thyroigland

51
Q

what causes a goiter ?

A

hypothyroidism, high / massive buildup of TSH (low T3 and T4)

52
Q

how to treat a goiter ?

A

one pill, once a day

53
Q

what is graves’ disease ?

A

autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism

54
Q

what causes hypothyroidism ?

A

too little / access T3 and T4

55
Q

how to treat graves’ disease ?

A

anti-thyroid medicine that reduces the amount of T3 and T4 produced in the thyroid

56
Q

how are thyroid hormones produces and what stimulates their synthesis and release ?

A

produced using thymine and iodine, taken into the colloid, and synthesized and released when stimulated by TSH

57
Q

what are the differences between active thyroid hormones and its precursors ?

A

T4 is inactive and T3 is active

58
Q

what are the four layers of the adrenal glands ?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
  • adrenal medula
59
Q

what’s an acronym for layers of the adrenal glands ?

A

GFRM

60
Q

class of hormone and example for zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids and aldosterone

61
Q

class of hormone and example for zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids and cortisol, corticosterone

62
Q

class of hormone and example for zona reticularis

A

androgens and dehydroepiandrosterone

63
Q

class of hormone and example for adrenal medulla

A

stress hormones and epinephrin and norepinephrine

64
Q

way to remember class of hormones for each layer of the adrenal glands ?

A

SALT
SUGAR
SEX
STRESS

65
Q

what does cortisol do ?

A

increase of glucose in blood

66
Q

where is cortisol released from ?

A

the adrenal glands

67
Q

describe the feedback pathway modulating levels of cortisol

A

CRH -> ACTH -> Cortisol

68
Q

what can you compare thyroid hormone function symptoms to ?

A

to what exercise does to the body

69
Q

cortisol once released in the body activates other hormones; ____ and ____

A

muscle and adipose

70
Q

muscle from cortisol allows for _____

A

protein catabolism

71
Q

what are proteins broken down into ?

A

amino acids

72
Q

what are triglycerides broken down into ?

A

glycerol fatty acids

73
Q

adipose from cortisol allows for ______

A

lipolysis (breakdown of lipids)

74
Q

what organ and system does cortisol affect ?

A

immune system and the liver

75
Q

cortisol’s affect on the immune system leads to _______

A

immune suppression (more vulnerable)

76
Q

cortisol’s affect on the liver leads to ______

A

gluconeogenesis (impacts blood glucose)

77
Q

what is Cushing’s disease ?

A

hyper secretion of cortisol (too much cortisol being secreted)

78
Q

what is hyperglycemia ?

A

high blood glucose level

79
Q

what are symptoms of Cushing’s disease ?

A
  • muscle atrophy and weakness
  • thinning skin, stretch marks with tearing
  • easily bruised and abdominal weight gain
  • stunted growth
  • round face and hump on back
80
Q

what is epinephrine ?

A

a fight or flight hormone

81
Q

what type of hormone is epinephrine ?

A

hydrophilic amine

82
Q

what are the two “divisions” of cells in pancrease ?

A

exocrine and endocrine

83
Q

glucagon is composed of what cells ?

A

alpha cells

84
Q

insulin is composed of what cells ?

A

beta cells

85
Q

in what state is glucagon found ?

A

fasted (break molecules into glucose)

86
Q

in what state is insulin found ?

A

fed state

87
Q

islet of langerhans in the pancreas =

A

glucagon and insulin

88
Q

endocrine pancreas =

A

islets of langerhans

89
Q

exocrine pancreas =

A

acinar and duct tissue

90
Q

what hormones are released by the hypothalamus ?

A

hormones that control the puituitary

91
Q

what hormones are released by the parathyroid gland ?

A

parathyroid hormones

92
Q

what hormones are released by the thyroid glands ?

A

thyroid hormones (T3 & T4), calcitonin

93
Q

what hormones are released by the adrenal glands ?

A

aldosterone, epinephrine, cortisol and androgens

Physiology 1021 (10 decks)

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