Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 1021 > Gastrointestinal Physiology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four processes of digestion?

A
  • secretion
  • digestion
  • motility
  • absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is secretion?

A
  • enzymes being secreted in tubes of digestive tracts
  • saliva in mouth and acid in stomach
  • enzymes used to break down food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is amalase?

A

enzyme that breaks down carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two types of digestion?

A

mechanical (big to small through chewing) and chemical (uses enzymes, needed to absorbed nutrients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is motility?

A

moving food from mouth to rectum (movement at a carefully controlled speed; peristalsis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is absorption?

A

how to get nutrients into bloodstream (once small enough, moves through epithelial cells and becomes absorbed for nutrients)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are three accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

gallbladder, liver and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the job of the oral cavity?

A

secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does secretion do?

A
  • lubricates
  • helps with ability to taste our food
  • protects mouth and teeth
  • aids with speech
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe saliva composition

A
  • mostly water and ions such as sodium and chlorine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the three salivary glands?

A
  1. parotid gland
  2. submandibular gland
  3. sublingual gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the parotid gland found?

A

cheeks area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where is the submandibular gland found?

A

under mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is the sublingual gland found?

A

under tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the three types of salivary glands

A

parotid gland = watery
submandibular gland = music and watery saliva
sublingual gland = mostly mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the term used to describe mechanical digestion through chewing?

A

mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chemical digestion in the oral cavity is done by what salivary enzyme?

A

amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is lingual lipase active when in the oral cavity?

A

NO, lingual lipase is activated in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(oral cavity) three steps of motility :

A
  • mastication (chewing); mechanical motility, movement from back to front of mouth
  • swallowing (only cavity to the esophagus)
  • peristalsis : top to bottom of esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

“co-ordinate contraction of the muscles in the esophagus, involuntary control, propels bolus towards the stomach” is all used to describe…

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the two “movements” of peristalsis and what does it do”?

A
  • longitudinal (push it down)
  • circular (constrict)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is absorbed in the oral cavity (bare minimal absorption) and where does it mostly occur?

A

glucose / drugs and mostly occurs under the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what organ acts as a reservoir for bolus before it enters the intestine?

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what liquid/acid is found in the stomach?

A

hydrochloric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how does bile become chyme?

A

it mixes with the acid in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what part of body leads into the stomach?

A

esophagus (through diaphragm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where does the esophagus attach?

A

to the cardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does the lower esophageal sphincter do?

A

stops stomach acid from coming up?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which side of the stomach has a bigger curve?

A

left side (greater curvature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what happens if too much acid is getting pushed up?

A
  • acid reflex (sphincter isn’t closed all the way)
  • increase abdominal pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what part of the stomach attaches to the small intestine?

A

antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the sphincter at the end of the stomach?

A

pyloric sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when does the pyloric sphincter open?

A

only opens when food needs to go into the intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the four layers of the stomach?

A
  • muscosa
  • submucosa
  • smooth muscle (muscular externa)
  • serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

describe the mucosa?

A
  • innermost
  • protect stomach from bacteria and acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

describe the submucosa? (stomach)

A
  • neural network (info being sent)
  • has submucosal plexus (helps with mucous excretion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

describe the smooth muscle?

A
  • muscular contractions of the stomach
  • circular and longitudinal muscle to change shape of stomach
    contains a neural network (myenteric plexus; peristalsis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

describe the serosa?

A
  • protective layer
  • dense connective tissue
  • outermost
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

which layer of the stomach is responsible for muscular contractions of the stomach?

A

smooth muscle (muscular externa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what layer protects the stomach from bacteria and acid?

A

mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

which layer has a submucosal plexus that is responsible for helping with mucous excretion, etc.

A

submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the three exocrine cells of the stomach?

A
  1. mucous neck cells
  2. chief cells
  3. parietal cells (oxyntic cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the endocrine cell of the stoamch?

A

G cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does mucus neck cells do?

A

secrets mucous and bicarbonate (to protect stomach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what do chief cells do?

A

secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is pepsinogen?

A

the inactive version of pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the endocrine cell of the stomach?

A

G cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what do G cells do?

A

secrete the hormone gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

releases HCl and stimulates gastric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what do parietal cells do?

A

secretes H+ and Cl - (HCl) and intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is intrinsic factor?

A

helps absorb B12 and terminal ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are the three movements of digestion in the stomach?

A

propulsion, grinding and retropulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

describe the direction of propulsion, grinding and retropulsion …

A
  • propulsion = moving foward
  • grinding = circular contraction
  • retropulsion = pushing backwards as we let little amounts move through
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how does bolus become chyme through chemical digestion?

A
  • secreted gastric juices contain HCl
  • secreted pepsnogen converted to pepsin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what does pepsin do?

A

pepsin is the active for of pepsinogen and it is an enzyme that aids in protein digestion in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

name the 6 functions of acid in the stomach

A
  1. activation of lingual lipase (lipid digestion can occur)
  2. activation of pepsin (from pepsinogen)
  3. inactivation of salivary amylases
  4. kills microbes (with HCl)
  5. denatures proteins
  6. stimulates secretion of hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

where does carbohydrate digestion completely stop?

A

in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

where does nutrient absorption occur?

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is the job of the duodenum?

A

decreasing acidity of chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is the job of the jejunum?

A

absorption (increase SA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is the job of the ileum?

A

responsible for absorption and digestion of nutrients and vitamins like B12, etc and everything else not absorbed prior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

where does most absorption in the small intestine occur?

A

jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what does villi in the jejunum do?

A

increases surface area for optimal absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are the four layers of the small intestine?

A
  1. mucose
  2. submucosa
  3. smooth muscle (musularis)
  4. serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what’s the difference between layers of the stomach and the small intestine?

A
  • the mucosa of small intestine is responsible for mucus secretion
  • the mucosa of the stomach is responsible for protects the stomach from bacteria and acid
  • serosa is opposite of each other (small intestine very thing and stomach thick)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what does the myenteric plexus do?

A

controls the muscles (peristalsis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are the two movements of motility of the small intestine?

A

segmentation and peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what it segmentation?

A

mixing back and fourth, allowing for touching (increases the interactions of particles of food in chyme with absorptive cells of the mucosa layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

name the 7 cell types of the small intestine?

A
  1. absorptive cells
  2. goblet cells
  3. K cells
  4. intestinal gland cells
  5. paneth cells
  6. S cells
  7. CCK cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what do absorptive cells do?

A

helps absorption of nutrients (epithelial cells with microvilli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what do goblet cells do?

A

secretes mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what do intestinal gland cells do?

A

secretes alkaline watery mucus and helps protect from acid of stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what do paneth cells do?

A

secretes lysozyme (helps fight against pathogens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what do S cells do?

A

secretes secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what do CCK cells do?

A

secretes cholecystokinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what do K cells do?

A

secretes (GIP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what does secretin tell the liver/pancrease to do and is it a hormone/enzyme?

A
  • hormone not an enzyme
  • tells liver and pancreas to separate its enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what does GIP do ?

A

stimulates insulin to be secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what does cholecystokinin (CCK) do ?

A

tell pancreas to secrete enzymes and gall bladder to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

where is bile created and stored?

A

created in the liver and stored in gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what does microvilli do?

A

increases surface area for absorption of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what is the very last step in regards to chemical digestion?

A

microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what are brush border enzymes

A

cells on the microvilli (which have enzymes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what are the 6 brush border enzymes?

A
  1. lactase
  2. sucrase
  3. malatase
  4. aminopeptidase
  5. dipeptidase
  6. enteropeptidase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what is lactose broken down by?

A

lactose is broken down by lactase into glucose + galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

what is sucrose broken down by?

A

sucrose is broken down by sucrase into glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what is maltose broke down by?

A

maltose us broken down by maltase into glucose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

where are brush border enzymes mostly found?

A

in duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

what does aminopeptidase do?

A

removes one amino acid from the end of a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what does dipeptidase do?

A

cuts a dipeptide into two single amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what does enteropeptidase do?

A

cuts trypsinogen into trypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

what does the large intestine do?

A
  • completes absorption (usually water)
  • highly populated by bacteria
  • beneficial for completing nutrient extraction
  • reabsorbes water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what are three points of motility of the large intestine

A
  • gastroileal reflex
  • haustraul churning
  • peristalsis and mass peristalsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what does the gastroileal reflex do?

A

presence of food in the stomach stimulates the opening of the ileocecal valve (neural reflex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

what does haustral churning do?

A

responsible for mixing of elements and allows for optimal absorption of mostly water from lumen contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

what does peristalsis and mass peristalsis do?

A

unidirectional movement of lumen contents out of the large intestine (into rectum) (feeling of having to go to the washroom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

what organ has both endocrine and digestion function?

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

what are the names of epithelial cell clusters and the cells that form the ducts that together make exocrine secretions ?

A

acinar and ductal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

where does the pancreas secrete directly into?

A

the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

what comes from ductal cells?

A

bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

what does bicarbonate do?

A

neutralizes the acid from the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

what 7 enzymes come from acinar cells ?

A
  1. pancreatic amylase
  2. pancreatic lipase
  3. trypsinogen = trypsin
  4. chymtrypsinogen = chymotrypsin
  5. procarboxypeptidase = carboxypeptidase
  6. prophospholipase = phospohlipase
  7. procolipase = colipase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

what type of carbohydrate is amalose?

A

complex carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

what is pancreatic amylase?

A

enzyme from pancreas breaking down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

what is pancreatic lipase?

A

enzyme that breaks down lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

what is trypsinogen?

A

inactive form that is further turned into trypsin (active form) used for the breakdown of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

what is chymotrypsinogen?

A

trypsin converts chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin which is used in the breaking down of proteins found in chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

what converts procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase?

A

trypsin converts procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

what is prophospholipase?

A

prophospholipase is the active form from procarboxypeptidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

what happens to the amino group during carboxypeptidase?

A

take off amino group @ end of carboxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

what does colipase do?

A

works as cofactor with pancreatic lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

what is used to turn chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase and prophospholipse into its active form?

A

trypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

what does trypsin do?

A

activates enzymes that cuts proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

where do acinar cells come from?

A

pancreatic duct

116
Q

what are the three islets of langehans?

A
  1. insulin
  2. glucagon
  3. somatostatin
117
Q

what type of cells does insulin come from?

A

beta cells

118
Q

what type of cells does glucagon come from?

A

alpha cells

119
Q

what type of cells does glucagon come from?

A

delta cells

120
Q

what does insulin do?

A

monitors glucose levels in the blood (hyper; too much)

121
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

too little glucose in bloodstream; converts into glucose (hypo; too little)

122
Q

what does the liver do ?

A
  • clean blood
  • duo portal system
  • take all bad things and excrete them
    ** liver can regenerate
123
Q

what are the arteries that go to the stomach ?

A

digestive tract arteries

124
Q

what is the “bed”called that has oxygen, nutrients, glucose, etc?

A

sinusoids (capillary bed)

125
Q

anything leaving the liver exists through the…

A

hepatic vein

126
Q

blood going towards liver that delivers lots of oxygen …

A

hepatic vein

127
Q

sinusoids join together to form what?

A

the central vein, and then the hepatic vein

128
Q

where does bile get secreted by?

A

hypothalmus

129
Q

what do hepatocytes do?

A

secrete bile into a vessel called a bile canaliculus

130
Q

small vessels in the liver gather together and join to form the …

A

bile duct

131
Q

bile ducts come together to form …

A

hepatic ducts

132
Q

what are hepatocytes?

A

main liver cell that decides what goes where (makes decisions)

133
Q

four functions of the liver…

A
  1. synthesis of bile
  2. excretion of bilirubin
  3. metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
  4. processing drugs and hormones
134
Q

what are the components of bile salts?

A
  • bile salts
  • cholesterol
  • bile pigments (bilirubin)
  • water and ions
135
Q

what does bile do?

A

help with lipid digestion

136
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

waste product that gives the colour of urine

137
Q

bilirubin leads to the breakdown of …

A

haemoglobin (red blood cells)

138
Q

what are the two types of cholesterol ?

A

GOOD = HDL (high)
BAD = LDL (low)

139
Q

what is the sphincter at the end of the gallbladder called

A

sphincter of oddi

140
Q

is the sphincter of oddi usually open or closed?

A

closed all the time until needed to open at the right time to let things through

141
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

stores bile

142
Q

what happens when you eat a high fat meal?

A

contraction of gallbladder, pushes bile out and help with lipid digestion (CCK)

143
Q

what does the common bile duct do ?

A

carries bile from liver to the pancreas and then into the small intestine

144
Q

where does bile solution become concentrated?

A

gallbladder

145
Q

what is the cystic duct?

A

tube that carries bile from the gallbladder

146
Q

what two ducts come together to form the common bile duct?

A

cystic and hepatic duct

147
Q

bile solution enters into the duodenum through the opening of …

A

the sphincter of oddi

148
Q

what does CCK do to the gallbladder?

A

causes the gallbladder to squeeze and the sphincter of oddi opening to be released into the duodenum

149
Q

what are the three phases of coordination of the gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • cephalic phase (brain)
  • gastric phase (stomach)
  • intestinal (small intestine)
150
Q

what happens when there is a slower rate (motility) in the large intestine?

A

diarrhea

151
Q

what is the stimulus of the cephalic phase

A

sight, smell and taste of food (anticipation of food through neural control)

152
Q

neural control of the cephalic phase is through the …

A

medulla oblongata

153
Q

where is the medulla oblongata found ?

A

in the brainstem

154
Q

(cephalic stage) increased secretions come from:

A
  • salivary glands (saliva)
  • stomach (HCI)
  • small intestine (mucus)
155
Q

what is the stimulus of the gastric phase?

A

presence of bolus (food) in the stomach causing stretching, presence of amino acids

156
Q

neural control of the gastric phase is through …

A

sensory information to the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus

157
Q

what is the term that “helps with the emptying of the stomach into the small intestine” ?

A

motility

158
Q

hormonal control of the gastric phase is …

A

gastrin (G cells)

159
Q

what type of cells are gastrin?

A

G cells

160
Q

gastric phase causes increased secretions from :

A
  • stomach (HCl)
  • intestine (mucus)
161
Q

what is the stimulus of the intestinal phase?

A

presence of chyme in the intestine

162
Q

neural control of small intestine is through …

A

sensory information to the submucosal plexus (secretions) and myenteric plexus (motility)

163
Q

hormonal control of the intestinal phase is …

A

secretin (S cells), CCK (CCK cells), GIP (K cells)

164
Q

what does GIP do?

A

tells pancreas to release insulin (needed in blood)

165
Q

increased motility of intestinal phase is through …

A
  • intestine (segmentation and peristalsis)
  • gallbladder contraction
166
Q

what phase inhibits another phase?

A

the intestinal phase inhibits the gastric phase

167
Q

what are the two types of carbohydrate sources?

A

simple and complex

168
Q

simple carbohydrates are either called __ or __ :

A

monosaccarides or disaccharides

169
Q

what are the three monosaccharides ?

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

170
Q

what are the three disaccarides ?

A

lactose, sucrose and maltose

171
Q

complex carbohydrates are either called __ or __ ?

A

starch or glycogen

172
Q

where does starch come from ?

A

plant storage of glucose

173
Q

where does glycogen come from?

A

animal storage of glucose

174
Q

where does carbohydrate digestion occur?

A

mouth

175
Q

where is carbohydrate digestion completely inhibited?

A

stomach

176
Q

what enzyme is inactive in the stomach due to acid in the stomach (carbohydrate digestion)

A

salivary amylase

177
Q

where does carb digestion further continue after the stomach?

A

the pancreas (pancreatic amylase present)

178
Q

where does chemical digestion of carbs occur?

A

mouth and small intestine

179
Q

what does finer do?

A

help with digestion, motility and function

180
Q

salivary amylase turns starch into what?

A

maltose

181
Q

how does fructose move through cell?

A

fructose moves alone (symporter)

182
Q

what cotransporter does glucose and galactose need?

A

sodium

183
Q

describe the concentration gradient of sodium…

A

sodium is always higher on the outside and lower in the inside

184
Q

when sodium exists the cell what enters it?

A

potassium

185
Q

what is a uniporter?

A

transport protein that moves a single species of substrate across a membrane

186
Q

what is needed for the exchange of Na and K ?

A

ATP

187
Q

which organ in body will help with the digestion of fructose?

A

large intestine

188
Q

what happens if theres too much fructose in the large intestine?

A

constapation / GI upset

189
Q

what are allergies vs intolerance

A
  • allergies = immune system will attack the good & make sick
  • intolerance = not feeling great, upset & uncomfortable
190
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

191
Q

how many essential and nonessential amino acids are there?

A

9 essential & 11 nonessential

192
Q

what is an essential amino acid?

A

one the body cannot create / must be consumed

193
Q

what is a nonessential amino acid?

A

one the body can create naturally

194
Q

what is a di, tri and poly - peptide?

A

di = 2 amino acids bonded together
tri = 3 amino acids bonded together
poly = many amino acids bonded together

195
Q

where does protein digestion occur?

A

stomach

196
Q

what enzyme is used in the stomach for protein digestion?

A

pepsin (active form that comes from pepsinogen)

197
Q

aminopeptidase is in what organ?

A

small intestine

198
Q

what breaks pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin into smaller fragments?

A

endopeptidase

199
Q

what is a further break on the aminopeptidase side called?

A

amino terminus

200
Q

what is a break on the carboxypeptidase side called?

A

carboxy terminus

201
Q

how do we classify protein digesting enzymes that cut somewhere in the middle?

A

endopeptidase

202
Q

how do di and tri-peptides enter the cell?

A

bring themselves in

203
Q

how do amino acids enter the cell?

A

needs a co transporter (Na)

204
Q

once di and tri-peptides enter the cell what breaks them down into amino acids?

A

peptidase

205
Q

what is a tryglyceride?

A

type of fat

206
Q

what is the composition of a triglyceride ?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

207
Q

what is the variable length in fatty acids ?

A

4 - 24 carbons

208
Q

what is considered the most common number of carbons in a fatty acid?

A

18 carbons

209
Q

what are saturated fats?

A
  • more unhealthy
  • no double bond present
  • more solid
210
Q

what are unsaturated fats?

A
  • healthier
  • double bond present
  • more fluid (liquid)
211
Q

in order to break more double bonds in unsaturated fats what must be present?

A

more energy (lose more calories)

212
Q

what are trans fats?

A

found in processed food, more LDL (worst type of fat)

213
Q

where does lipid digestion occur?

A

small intestine

214
Q

what enzyme is in the mouth responsible for little bit of lipid digestion?

A

lingual lipase

215
Q

where do tryglerides gets digested ?

A

stomach and small intestine

216
Q

what are bile salts?

A

component of bile

217
Q

where are bile salts found?

A

lipids (fats)

218
Q

what is jaundice disease?

A

condition that involves having too much bilirubin

219
Q

who tends to have jaundice disease?

A

alcoholics/drug users/babies

220
Q

what pushes bile salts apart so that the lipase can touch the surface of the small lipid droplet ?

A

colipase

221
Q

what form lipid droplets?

A

triglycerides

222
Q

what part of tryclerides face the outside of lipid digestion?

A

hydrophobic heads

223
Q

what is wrapped around liquid droplets?

A

bile salts

224
Q

what is a diglyceride?

A

one fatty acid is off

225
Q

what is a monoglyceride?

A

two fatty acids off

226
Q

what is a free fatty acid?

A

no head present just tails

227
Q

what is a michelle?

A

small fat droplet covered with bile

228
Q

where do Michelles happen?

A

small intestine

229
Q

in what situation can bile be in the stomach ?

A

vommiting

230
Q

what “helps package lipids in order to move around the body”?

A

chylomicrons

231
Q

what are chylomicrons ?

A

help pack lipids in order to move around the body

232
Q

where does the best fat digestion occur?

A

small intestine

233
Q

what are two classifications of vitamins ?

A

fat soluble and water soluble vitamins

234
Q

what are examples of fat-soluble vitamins?

A
  • vitamin A
  • vitamin D
  • vitamin E
  • vitamin K
235
Q

what are examples of water-soluble vitamins?

A
  • vitamin C
  • vitamin B
  • B12
236
Q

what does vitamin C do?

A

help with immune function

237
Q

what occurs in the cytoplasm during digestion ?

A

glycolysis and pyretic acid

238
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

breakdown of glycologen

239
Q

what does pyretic acid turn into?

A

lactic acid

240
Q

what does lactic acid do?

A

breakdown of muscles and glucose

241
Q

what occurs in the mitochondria during digestion?

A

pyretic acid, acetyl CoA, CoA, citric acid cycle … electron transport system

242
Q

what does the citric acid cycle do?

A

trying to produce ATP (for aerobic respiration)

243
Q

what is the primary source of energy ?

A

carbohydrates

244
Q

what happen to carbs in our body?

A
  • ATP production
  • amino acid synthesis
  • glycogen synthesis
  • triglyceride synthesis
245
Q

what is glycolysis ?

A

breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

246
Q

what is amino acid synthesis ?

A

converted to some amino acids if needed (protein creation)

247
Q

what is glycogenesis ?

A

formation of glycogen without the use of glucose (storage of glucose)

248
Q

what is lipogenesis ?

A

formation of fat

249
Q

what does triglyceride synthesis mean in regards to glucose ?

A

too much glucose

250
Q

what does glucose uptake mean?

A

cells of the body take glucose from the blood in order to use for the production of ATP

251
Q

through what concentration gradient does glucose move?

A

region of high concentration (blood) to a region of low concentration (cell)

252
Q

in what state does carbohydrate fates glycogenesis occur?

A

fed state

253
Q

what 2 cell types have a large capacity to store glucose as glycogen?

A

skeletal muscle and liver

254
Q

where does glycogenesis happen?

A

liver

255
Q

how does glucose become glycogen?

A

glucose -> 6- phosphate (G6P) -> glycogen

256
Q

what is added to glucose to form bonds to create glycogen?

A

phosphate

257
Q

in what state of carbohydrate fates glycogenolysis occur?

A

fasted state

258
Q

how does glycogen become glucose?

A

glycogen -> G6P -> liver -> glucose

259
Q

how does the liver create new glucose molecules?

A

through non carb sources (amino acids, lactic acid and glycerol)

260
Q

in what state does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

fasted state

261
Q

what is “any fat you see on you body” ?

A

adipose tissue

262
Q

_____ is the fat right under skin; used on energy storage for starvation

A

adipose tissue

263
Q

what are the 4 fates (what happens in our body) of lipids ?

A
  • stored in adipose tissue as fat deposits
  • oxidizes to produce ATP
  • formation of structural molecules
  • triglyceride storage
264
Q

what do myelin sheaths do?

A

speed up transduction

265
Q

where is majority of our energy needed daily stored ?

A

trigylerides

266
Q

what is lipolysis ?

A

breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

267
Q

in what state does lipolysis occur?

A

fed state

268
Q

“most simple form of alpha keto acid”

A

pyruvic acid

269
Q

what happens if theres too much fat in the body?

A

leads to weight gain

270
Q

in what state does lipogenesis occur?

A

fed state

271
Q

what is an alternate energy source in the body?

A

ketones

272
Q

what is ketogenesis?

A

creation of ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids

273
Q

how are ketone bodies formed?

A

by joining two acetyl coenzyme A molecules together

274
Q

what are liver cells called?

A

hepatocytes

275
Q

can liver cells make ketone bodies ?

A

yes ! which later diffuse into the blood

276
Q

in what state does ketogenesis occur?

A

fasted state

277
Q

what cell types prefer ketone bodies to produce ATP?

A

heart and kidney cortex

278
Q

“depleting yourself of glucose”

A

ketones

279
Q

how do organisms produce ketone bodies ?

A

organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids

280
Q

what is protein anabolism ?

A

formation of proteins from amino acids

281
Q

what is protein catabolism?

A

breakdown of proteins into amino acids

282
Q

in what state does protein anabolism occur?

A

fed state

283
Q

in what state does protein catabolism occur?

A

fasted state

284
Q

what components of our bodies are made up of proteins?

A

enzymes, hormones, structural components, transporters

285
Q

amino acids from proteins can be converted into …

A

fatty acids, glucose and ketone bodies

286
Q

what organ coverts amino acids into fatty acids, ketone bodies and glucose?

A

liver

Physiology 1021 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions