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Physiology 1021 > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

why is the heart important ?

A

transport and temperature regulation

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2
Q

describe the organization of the CV system:

A

-arteries become arterioles then capillaries
- capillaries reunite to form venues and then veins
- rest of the body

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3
Q

where do arteries carry blood ?

A

away from the heart

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4
Q

where do veins carry blood ?

A

towards the heart

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5
Q

between arteries and veins which have more pressure and musculature ?

A

arteries

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6
Q

what are the two circuits of the body ?

A

pulmonary and systematic

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7
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit responsible for?

A

lungs / upper body

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8
Q

what is the systemic circuit responsible for ?

A

rest of the body circulation

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9
Q

what carries oxygen-rich and CO2 poor blood ?

A

veins

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10
Q

what carries oxygen-poor and CO-rich blood ?

A

arteries

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11
Q

how much % of the body is pulmonary circuit ?

A

15%

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12
Q

how much % of the body is systemic circuit ?

A

85%

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13
Q

within the systemic circuit what % is arteries, veins and capilaries ?

A
  • arteries = 10%
  • capillaries = 5%
  • veins = 70%
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14
Q

how does blood travel through the heart ?

A
  • blood from upper body goes through the superior vena cava and blood from the lower body goes through the inferior vena cava into the right atrium
  • blood does into the right ventricle (through the tricuspid valve/right AV valve)
  • blood goes through the pulmonary valve
  • blood exists through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
  • blood returns oxygenated into the left atrium
  • blood goes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
  • blood goes to the aorta
  • blood then gets distributed throughout the body
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15
Q

what are the two types of myocardial cells ?

A

contractile and nodal & conducting

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16
Q

name some differences between skeletal and cardiomyocytes ?

A
  • skeletal = motor neuron action potential while cardiomyocyetes = electrically connected
  • skeletal have mitochondria whole cadiomyocytes have a LOT of mitochondria
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17
Q

describe nodal and conducting cells:

A

minimal actin and myosin but self-excitable

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18
Q

what are some examples of nodal & conducting cells :

A

SA node (pacemaker), AV node, purkinje fibers and bundle of his

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19
Q

what does the AV node do ?

A

controls messages and creates desired heart rate (slows down from SA node)

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20
Q

what is depolarization ?

A

cell becomes more positive than RMP

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21
Q

what is repolarization ?

A

positive cell returns to RMP

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22
Q

what is the RMP of a neuron vs nodal cell ?

A

-70 mV and -60mV

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23
Q

what is the threshold of a neuron vs nodal cell ?

A

-55mv and -40mV

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24
Q

what are two differences between neurons and nodal cells ?

A
  • RMP and threshold
  • calcium presence in nodal cells
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25
Q

describe the SA nodal action potential :

A
  • always fluctuating
  • RMP, goes to threshold,
  • depolarizes then depolarizes back to RMP
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26
Q

within the conducting system which AP propagation ?

A

SA node

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27
Q

what dos the AV do ?

A

regulate heart rate after the SA node

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28
Q

in order for muscle to contract what do you need ?

A

need an action potential first

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29
Q

what does a electrocardiogram do ?

A
  • records the electrical activity of the heart
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30
Q

in an ECG what are the four letters ?

A

P, QRS, and T

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31
Q

what does P, QRS and T represent ?

A

P =atrial depolarization
QRS = ventricular depolarization
T = ventricular repolarization

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32
Q

what 5 things can an ECG tell us ?

A
  • heart rate
  • heart damage
  • conduction issues
  • rhythm disturbance
  • effects of drugs
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33
Q

what is the resting heart rate of the average person ?

A

70 beats/min

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34
Q

how does heart rate change ?

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation

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35
Q

what is parasympathetic ?

A

rest and digest

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36
Q

what is sympathetic ?

A

fight and flight

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37
Q

what are 4 characteristics of parasympathetic innervation ?

A
  • slower heart rate
  • increase K permability
  • decease Na permeability
  • decrease Ca permeability
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38
Q

what are 3 characteristics of sympathetic innervation ?

A
  • faster heart rate
  • increase Na permability
  • increase Ca permability
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39
Q

what does permability mean in the sense of “increase Ca permability” ?

A

more calcium coming in

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40
Q

between the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation which has a faster/slower heart rate ?

A

sympathetic = faster
parasympathetic = slower

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41
Q

between ACh and NE, which is associated with parasympathetic and sympathetic ?

A

ACh = prasympathtic
NE = sympathetic

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42
Q

what does systole mean ?

A

contraction

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43
Q

what does diastole mean ?

A

relaxation

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44
Q

when do ECG events occur in regards to a heart muscle contraction ?

A

the ECG events occur before heart muscle contraction

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45
Q

what are the five cardiac cycle heartbeat events ?

A
  1. atrial systole
  2. iso-volumetric ventricular systole
  3. ventricular systole
  4. isovolumeetric ventricular diastole
  5. late ventricular diastole
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46
Q

how does blood move (in regards to pressure gradient) ?

A

blood moves down a pressure gradient

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47
Q

what does systole mean ?

A

contraction

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48
Q

what is phase 1 of the ECG ?

A

atrial systole

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49
Q

what does diastole mean ?

A

relaxed (isn’t changing)

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50
Q

when does systole occur ?

A

when the heart contracts to pump blood out

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51
Q

when does diastole occur ?

A

when the heart relaxes after contraction

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52
Q

what is atrial systole ?

A

contraction of the atrial

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53
Q

what happens to pressure in atrial systole ?

A

pressure increases

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54
Q

what happens to volume in atrial systole ?

A

volume increases

55
Q

what do you need in order to have a contraction in the heart ?

A

action potential

56
Q

what is phase 2 of ECG ?

A

isovolumetric ventricular systole

57
Q

what happens to pressure in isovolumetric ventricular systole ?

A

pressure increases

58
Q

what happens to volume in isovolumetric ventricular systole ?

A

no change

59
Q

what are the valves doing during isovvolumetric ventricular systole ?

A

all valves closed

60
Q

if a phase begins with “isovolum” what does this mean ?

A

volume stays the same

61
Q

what is phase 3 of the ECG ?

A

ventricular systole

62
Q

what happens to pressure in ventricular systole ?

A

pressure increases

63
Q

what happens to volume in ventricular systole ?

A

volume decreases

64
Q

what are the valves doing during ventricular systole ?

A

aortic valve open

65
Q

if pressure is high in the ventricles what does that mean for the aorta ?

A

aortic pressure is lower

66
Q

what is phase 4 of the ECG ?

A

isovolumetric ventricular diastole

67
Q

what happens to pressure in isovolumetric ventricular diastole ?

A

pressure decreases

68
Q

what happens to volume in isovolumetric ventricular diastole ?

A

no change

69
Q

what are the valves doing during iso-volumetric ventricular diastole ?

A

all valves closed

70
Q

what is phase 5 of the ECG ?

A

late ventricular diastole

71
Q

what happens to pressure in late ventricular diastole ?

A

pressure decreases

72
Q

what happens to volume in late ventricular diastole ?

A

volume increases

73
Q

what are the valves doing during late ventricular diastole ?

A

AV valve opens

74
Q

what is the term for during ONE ventricular systole (contractions) ?

A

stroke volume

75
Q

what is cardiac output ?

A

per min of ventricular contractions

76
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output ?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

77
Q

what two things control stroke volume ?

A
  1. autonomic nervous system innervation
  2. preload on the heart
78
Q

what does “preload” mean ?

A

how much blood we can get into ventricle before contraction occurs

79
Q

what do muscles need more of to better function ?

A

more blood

80
Q

what is EDV ?

A

amount of blood in the ventricle after atrial systole

81
Q

what is the formula for stroke volume ?

A

EDV - ESV

82
Q

what is ESV ?

A

amount of blood in the ventricle after ventricular systole

83
Q

what are two major rules regarding the heart ?

A
  1. blood will only move down pressure gradient
  2. blood should never be going in the wrong direction
84
Q

the more calcium what does this mean for the heart ?

A

more contractions

85
Q

when discussing the “load” on the heart prior to contraction what is this “load” ?

A

the EDV

86
Q

what happens if muscles are over stretched ?

A

heart will fail

87
Q

what is frank-starling’s law ?

A

“an increase in EDV will cause an increase in stroke volume”

88
Q

what is MAP (mean arterial pressure) ?

A

difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

89
Q

what is the average blood pressure for the healthy individual ?

A

120/80

90
Q

in what way does blood move ?

A

from high to low blood will flow

91
Q

what is the anatomy of a blood vessel ?

A
  • tunica externa
  • tunica media
  • tunica interna
92
Q

what is thicker ? arteries or veins ?

A

arteries are thicker in order to produce contractions

93
Q

what is the tunica external made of ?

A

fibrous connective tissue

94
Q

what is the tunica media made of ?

A

smooth muscle and elastic fiber

95
Q

what is the tunica interna made of ?

A

endothelial cells

96
Q

describe the structure of arteries ?

A
  • large diameter
  • thin walls compared to diameter
  • lost of elastic
97
Q

describe blood characteristics of arteries ?

A
  • very high blood pressure
  • high blood flow
  • low resistance, small drop in pressure
98
Q

what is the main function of arteries ?

A

distribution vessels

99
Q

what is the main function of arterioles ?

A

resistance vessels

100
Q

describe the structure of arterioles ?

A
  • small diameter
  • thick walls compared to diameter
  • lots of smooth muscle
  • smooth muscle innervated by SNS
101
Q

describe the blood characteristics of arterioles ?

A

large drop in pressure and slower blood pressure

102
Q

what is the purpose of arterioles ?

A

controls blood flow (vasoconstrictor and vasodilatation)

103
Q

what does resistance do ?

A

decreases blood flow

104
Q

what are the two formulas for blood flow ?

A
  • blood flow = pressure gradient / resistance
    and
  • blood flow = (P1 - P2) x r^4
105
Q

what is the formula for resistance ?

A

Lη / r^4

106
Q

what is the main function of capillaries ?

A

exchange vessels

107
Q

describe the structure of capillaries ?

A
  • one endothelial cell thick
  • very thin walls
108
Q

describe the blood characteristics of capillaries ?

A
  • low blood pressure, small drop in pressure
  • very low blood velocity
  • huge total cross-sectional area for diffusion
  • blood flow is very slow
109
Q

what is the purpose of capillaries ?

A

to exchange gasses, nutrients, etc.

110
Q

what does more cross-sectional area = ?

A

slower flow

111
Q

what does slower flow =

A

maximize exchange

112
Q

between mean blood velocity and total cross sectional area which is highest / lowest for capillaries ?

A

capillaries highest = for total cross sectional area
and
capillaries lowest = mean velocity

113
Q

what is filtration ?

A

movement of fluid OUT of a capillary

114
Q

what is reabsorption ?

A

movement of fluid INTO a capillary

115
Q

what are the four starling forces ?

A
  1. capillaries hydrostatic pressure
  2. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
  3. capillary plasma osmotic pressure
  4. interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
116
Q

which two of the four starling forces go IN to the capillary ?

A

capillary plasma osmotic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

117
Q

which two of the four starling forces go OUT of the capillary ?

A

capillaries hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

118
Q

if the net filtration pressure is a positive number, what does this mean ?

A

filtration

119
Q

if the net filtration pressure is a negative number, what does this mean ?

A

rebsorption

120
Q

what is the formula for net filtration pressure ?

A

(out + out) - (in + in)

121
Q

describe the structure of veins ?

A
  • valves
  • large diameter
  • very thin walls compared to diameter
  • some elastic fibers and smooth muscles
  • SNS innervates smooth muscles
122
Q

describe the blood characteristics of veins ?

A
  • very low blood pressure
  • medium blood velocity
123
Q

why do we regulate blood flow

A
  • increase blood supply to active tissues and decrease it to inactive tissues
  • maintain blood supply to vital organs (heart and brain at all times)
  • maintain blood pressure (MAP)
  • increase/decrease heat loss from the body by redistributing blood
124
Q

between vasoconstriction and vasodilation, which has less/more flow ?

A

vasoconstriction = less flow
vasodilation = more flow

125
Q

what are the three mechanics used to regulate blood flow ?

A
  1. local (intrinsic)
  2. humoral (extrinsic)
  3. neural (extrinsic)
126
Q

what is local (intrinsic) ?

A

tissue environment (temp, gasses and pressure)

127
Q

what is humoral (extrinsic) ?

A

substances in blood

128
Q

what is neural (extrinsic) ?

A

nervous system

129
Q

what are the two autoregulatory mechanisms of local (intrinsic) ?

A
  1. myogenic theory (muscle stretch)
  2. metabolic. theory (metabolic needs)
130
Q

what is the 5 steps of myogenic theory ?

A
  • sudden increase in blood pressure
  • this stretches walls of arterioles
  • smooth muscle in arteriole walls contracts (reflex)
  • vasoconstriction
  • decrease blood flow and pressure AFTER constriction
131
Q

what does the metabolic theory do to CO2 and O2 ?

A

increases CO2 and decreases O2

132
Q

what does vasoconstriction and vasodilation do to blood pressure ?

A

vasoconstriction = will RAISE blood pressure
vasodilation = will LOWER blood pressure

133
Q

the neural (extrinsic) mechanism is further divided into …

A

the autonomic nervous system which is ; the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

134
Q

what are baroreceptors ?

A
  • they monitor blood pressure
  • located in walls of aortic arch, carotid sinuses
  • send action potentials back to CV central in medulla of brainstem

Physiology 1021 (10 decks)

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