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Physiology 1021 > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tendon ?

A

muscle to bone

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2
Q

what is a ligament ?

A

bone to bone

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3
Q

where are lower motor neurons located ?

A

ventral spinal cord

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4
Q

what is a motor unit ?

A

composed of the motor neurone and all the muscle fibres that it innervates

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5
Q

what is the organization of muscles from largest to smallest ?

A

muscle, fascicle, myofibril, and myofilaments

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6
Q

what is a motor neurone pool ?

A

all the motor neurons that deal with the same muscle

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7
Q

what are the two motor neuron responses ?

A

phasic and tonic

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8
Q

what does phasic mean ?

A

quick bursts

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9
Q

what does tonic meanx ?

A

sustained responses

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10
Q

what are the two muscle spindles ?

A

extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers ?

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11
Q

what do extrafusal muscle fibres innervate ?

A

alpha motor neurons

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12
Q

what do intrafusal muscle fibres innervate ?

A

gamma motor neurons

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13
Q

what are extrafusal fibres used for ?

A

contractions

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14
Q

what are intrafusal fibres used for ?

A

messengers of contractions (tells body about change in length of muscles)

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15
Q

intrafusal fibres tonically activate _______ ?

A

1a afferent sensory neurons

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16
Q

what do golgi tendon organs do ?

A

tells us how much tension is in the muscle

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17
Q

golgi tendon organ receptor are attached to _____ ?

A

1b afferent sensory neurons

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18
Q

what is alpha-gamma coactivation ?

A

when both extra- and intrafusal fibres contract and work together

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19
Q

what is the difference between white and gray matter ?

A

white matter is myelinated and gray is not

20
Q

what is the corticospinal tract ?

A

the primary pathway that leaves the motor cortex to innervate motor neurons in the spinal cord

21
Q

what is BMI (brain machine interfaces) ?

A

used to help people generate movement

22
Q

where is the cerebellum located ?

A

mini brain in the back of brain

23
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum ?

A

maintenance of balance and posture and helps coordinate and regulate multiple functions in your body and brain

24
Q

what is a cerebellar lesion ?

A

decomposition of movement and dysmetria

25
Q

what is cerebellar disease ?

A

can’t balance themselves

26
Q

what are symptoms of cerebellar disease ?

A
  • wide gait
  • instability of trunk
  • irregular staggering steps
27
Q

what are the two types of input neurons ?

A

mossy fibers and climbing fibers

28
Q

what are mossy fibers ?

A
  • synapse on granule cells (shorter) then on purkinje cells
29
Q

what are climbing fibers ?

A

synapse directly on purkinje fibres (longer)

30
Q

what is the basal ganglia ?

A

involved in regulating and planning movements

31
Q

the basal ganglia receives inputs from the ______ and projects back to the cortex through the hypothalamus ______

A

cortex and thalamus

32
Q

what are the four major interconnected nuclei found in the basal ganglia ?

A
  • striatum
  • globus pallidus
  • substantia nigra
  • sub thalamic nucleus
33
Q

what are the two parts of the striatum ?

A

caudate and putamen

34
Q

what are the two parts of the substantial nigra ?

A

pars compacta and pars reticulata

35
Q

what is the order of activity in the basal ganglia ?

A

motor cortex -> caudate & putamen -> substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus internal … substantia nigra pars reticulata -> superior colliculus and globus pallidus internal -> thalamus

36
Q

what receptors go to substantial nigra pc ?

A

dopamine 1 and dopamine 2 receptor

37
Q

what is the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia ?

A

putamen -> G. pallidus external -> subthalamic nucleus

38
Q

what is the direct pathway of the basal ganglia ?

A

putamen -> G. pallidus internal

39
Q

what is parkinson’s disease ?

A

is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease

40
Q

what is happening in the brain if you have parkinson’s ?

A

loss of neurons in the substantia nigra

41
Q

what causes parkinson’s ?

A

caused by a loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta

42
Q

what are symptoms of Parkinson’s disease ?

A
  • tremor at rest
  • slowness of movement
  • hunched over
  • minimal facial expression
43
Q

motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease ?

A
  • rigid gait
  • stooped foward
  • slow movement initiation
  • slow shuffling steps
  • hypokinesia
44
Q

how to treat Parkinson’s disease ?

A

L-Dopa (converts to dopamine in the body)

45
Q

what is a blood-brain-barrier ?

A

very selective layer around brain that protects the brain from infections

46
Q

what is the difference between L-Dopa and dopamine ?

A

dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier but L-Dopa can

Physiology 1021 (10 decks)

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