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Physiology 1021 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 7 functions of the kidney ?

A
  • regulation of ECF & blood pressure
  • regulation of osmolarity
  • maintenance of ion balance
  • maintenance of body pH
  • excretions of waste
  • production of hormones
  • gluconeogenesis
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2
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney ?

A

the nephron

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3
Q

what two structures is the nephron composed of ?

A

renal corpuscle and tubule

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4
Q

what is the renal corpuscle ?

A

where filtration of blood occurs

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5
Q

what is the tubule ?

A

where the filtered fluid is processed

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6
Q

what are the 6 parts of the nephron ?

A

renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, descending limb of loop of hence, ascending limb of the loop of hence, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

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7
Q

what are the two types of nephrons ?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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8
Q

difference between cortex and medulla ?

A

jux. is closer to medulla (longer) while cortical is near cortex (shorter)

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9
Q

what is the bowman’s capsule ?

A

where fluid filters into

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10
Q

what does the glomerulus contain ?

A

leaky capillary beds

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11
Q

what do podocytes do ?

A

wrap around the leaky glomerulus and prevents some filtration

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12
Q

what are the three barriers to filtration ?

A

podocytes, basal lamina and slit spaces

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13
Q

what is GFR ?

A

the amount of fluid filtered in a day

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14
Q

what are the two auto regulatory mechanisms that function to keep GFR mostly constant throughout the day

A

myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback

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15
Q

what happens during the myogenic response ?

A
  • afferent arteriole stretches
  • increase in blood pressure
  • ion channels open
  • blood flow decreases in the glomerulus (smaller diameter & less blood in glomerulus)
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16
Q

what happens during tubuloglomerular feedback ?

A
  • GFR increases
  • flow through tubule increases
  • afferent arteriole constricts
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17
Q

what happens when the afferent arteriole constricts ?

A

GFR decreases

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18
Q

what happens when the efferent arteriole constricts ?

A

GFR decreases

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19
Q

how to measure GFR ?

A

(substance X)urine x urine volume / (substance X)plasma

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20
Q

how does filtration process occur in the nephron ?

A

from the blood in the glomerulus into bowman’s space

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21
Q

how does reabsorption process occur in the nephron ?

A

from the filtrate in the tubule to the surrounding capillaries

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22
Q

how does secretion process occur in the nephron ?

A

from the surrounding capillaries into the filtrate in the tubule

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23
Q

what is hydrostatics pressures of glomerular capillaries (P GC) ?

A

pressure caused by blood flowing into the glomerulus and promotes filtration

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24
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillaries (π GC) ?

A

pressure caused by the presence of proteins in the glomerulus and inhibits filtration

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25
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure of bowman’s capsule (P BC) ?

A

pressure caused by filtrate remaining in bowman’s space and inhibits filtration

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26
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure of bowman’s capsule (π BC) ?

A

pressure caused by the presence of proteins in bowman’s capsule and promotes filtration

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27
Q

how do you calculate net filtration pressure ?

A

(P GC + π BC) - (P BC + π GC)

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28
Q

what are two types of channels within kidneys ?

A

sodium channels and aquaporins

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29
Q

what are three types of kidney transporters ?

A

glucose uniporter, sodium/hydrogen antiporter and sodium/glucose symporter

30
Q

what is the primary active transporter of kidneys ?

A

sodium/potassium ATPase

31
Q

what is the overall theme of the proximal tubule ?

A

reabsorbs almost everything

32
Q

what is diabetes mellitus ?

A

glucose in the urine and increased urine volume

33
Q

what does the descending loop of henle do ?

A

reabsorbs water

34
Q

what does the ascending loop of henle do ?

A

absorbs ions (Na, K, Cl)

35
Q

what does the distal convoluted tubule do ?

A

absorbs different things into our bloodstream (Na, Cl, HCO, H2O)

36
Q

what does the collecting duct do ?

A

any additional wastes after the distal convoluted tubule gets absorbed (reabsorbs ions and water if necessary)

37
Q

where does filtration occur ?

A

the corpuscle

38
Q

what is another name for anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

vasopressin

39
Q

what does ADH do ?

A

decreases urine production

40
Q

where is ADH made ?

A

hypothalmus

41
Q

what is the hormone property of ADH ?

A

peptide hormone

42
Q

what are osmoreceptors ?

A

detect changes to plasma osmolarity

43
Q

what is hyperosmotic ?

A

increased plasma osmolarity

44
Q

what is hypoosmotic ?

A

decreased plasma osmolarity

45
Q

what are baroreceptors ?

A

sensors located in the blood vessels, type of mechanoreceptor (part of negative feedback system)

46
Q

what is “dieresis” ?

A

make more urine (dehydrating themselves to a degree, removing water from body therefore dehydrating)

47
Q

what is antidiuresis ?

A

less water, want to conserve it

48
Q

where is ADH released by ?

A

posterior pituitary gland

49
Q

what do the kidneys do when there is additional salt in the body ?

A

kidneys excrete the additional salt through the urine

50
Q

what are sodium levels linked to ?

A

ECF volume and therefore blood pressure

51
Q

what two hormones are responsible for sodium conotrol ?

A

RAAS (renin-angiotensin-adosterone system) and ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

52
Q

what hormone is released when sodium levels are too high ?

A

ANP

53
Q

what is ACE ?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme

54
Q

what is angiotensin 2 ?

A

peptide hormone stimulated by renin release ; increases sodium reabsorption

55
Q

what is aldosterone ?

A

steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands stimulated by angiotensin 2, levels of potassium ; increase sodium reabsorption

56
Q

when is renin released ?

A

when sodium levels are low

57
Q

what is ANP ?

A

peptide hormone made by cardiac atrial cells stimulated by high blood pressure ; decrease sodium reabsorption

58
Q

what is hypertension ?

A

too much water = swelling

59
Q

what is hypotension ?

A

not enough water = shriveling

60
Q

which areas of the nephron absorb water when we have low water in our blood ?

A

descending loop of henle and collecting duct

61
Q

which areas of the nephron absorb ions when we have low concentration of ions ?

A

ascending loop, proximal tubule and distal convoluted tubule

62
Q

what are podocytes ?

A

make up the epithelial layer in Bowmans capsule

63
Q

filtration happens through which cells ?

A

podocytes

64
Q

which cells make and release the enzyme renin ?

A

juxtaglomerular (granular) cells

65
Q

what activates RAAS ?

A

low blood pressure (hypotension)

66
Q

once renin is released into the blood where does it head to ?

A

the bloodstream

67
Q

if the kidneys do not have enough BP what is released ?

A

renin

68
Q

angiotensinogen comes from ____

A

the liver

69
Q

angiotensinogen acts in renin and turns it in ______

A

angiotensin 1

70
Q

where is ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) released from ?

A

the lungs

71
Q

ACE turns angiotensin 1 into ________

A

angiotensin 2

72
Q

angiotensin 2 works with the adrenal glands to create ________-

A

aldosterone

Physiology 1021 (10 decks)

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