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Physiology 1021 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does your respiratory system do ?

A
  • oxygen into the blood
  • removes carbon dioxide from blood
  • regulates blood pH
  • speech
  • microbial defense
  • chemical messenger concentrations
  • traps and dissolves small blood clots
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2
Q

what’s going in/out in the respiratory system ?

A

CO2 in and O2 out

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3
Q

what is present in your thoracic cavity ?

A

trachea, left and right lung, rib cage & muscles and diaphragm

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4
Q

what are the two zones of the lungs ?

A

conducting and respiratory

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5
Q

what is the main job of the conducting zone ?

A

conduct and move air

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6
Q

what is the main job of the respiratory zone ?

A

O2 and CO2 move in and out of the blood

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7
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the lungs ?

A

in the alveoli

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8
Q

what parts are within the conducting zone ?

A

trachea, primary bronchi and smaller bronchi

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9
Q

what are mucus and cilia used for in the conducting zone ?

A

microbial defence

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10
Q

what is found in the alveoli to perform gas exchange ?

A

capillaries

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11
Q

what is phagocytosis ?

A

The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells

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12
Q

what is surfactant ?

A

chemicals that decease surface tension

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13
Q

what is tidal volume ?

A

volume of one breath

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14
Q

what is respiratory rate ?

A

number of breaths per minute

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15
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation ?

A

tidal volume x respiratory rate

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16
Q

is pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation the same thing ?

A

no

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17
Q

what does Boyle’s law state ?

A

“pressure is inversely proportional to volume”

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18
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (in mmHg) ?

A

760mmHg

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19
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure (in mmHg)

A

760mmHg

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20
Q

when you increase thoracic cavity what happens do the pressure ?

A

decreases

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21
Q

what are the muscles of inhalation ?

A

external intercostals and the diaphragm

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22
Q

where are external intercostal muscles ?

A

muscles found in between ribs

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23
Q

what is the diaphragm ?

A

dome-shaped skeletal muscle

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24
Q

where does the diaphragm move when a contraction occurs ?

A

moves down

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25
Q

what does the diaphragm do when you breathe in ?

A

contracts and moves down

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26
Q

what does the diaphragm do when you breathe out ?

A

relaxes and moves back up

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27
Q

during active exhalation what happens to the abdominal muscles ?

A

contracts obliques and contracts rectus abdominis

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28
Q

what is the pressure in the intrapleural space (in mmHg) ?

A

757 mmHg

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29
Q

what happens in the case of the pneumothorax ?

A

air is somewhere it shouldnt be

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30
Q

what does intrapleural pressure do ?

A

prevents lungs from collapsing

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31
Q

within what population is pneumothorax common in ?

A

tall young slim men

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32
Q

what is lung compliance ?

A

considered as the “stretchability” of the lung

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33
Q

what factors affect compliance ?

A

elastic tissue and surface tension

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34
Q

do we want more or less elastin in lungs ?

A

a normal balance (not too much or too little)

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35
Q

what is elastin ?

A

is a protein that creates elastic tissue

36
Q

what is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (nRDS)

A

poor lung function, alveolar collapse, hypozemia (low blood oxygen)

37
Q

where does pulmonary surfactant line itself ?

A

overtop of that liquid (humidified hair)

38
Q

what does pulmonary surfactant do ?

A

reduces surface tension so prevents alveolar collapse and microbial defense

39
Q

in what population does nRDS mostly occur in ?

A

premature infants

40
Q

what is the treatment for nRDS ?

A

administer surfactant

41
Q

what is the name of a tool that measures how much air we breathe in ?

A

spirometer

42
Q

what is tidal volume ?

A

our normal breaths

43
Q

what is the term that defines the “biggest breath you could possibly take”

A

inspiratory reserve volume

44
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume ?

A

blow out as much air as you can

45
Q

what is residual volume ?

A

how much air remains in you lungs after complete exhalation

46
Q

can you measure residual volume ?

A

no you cannot

47
Q

what is total lung capacity ?

A

when you add all four volumes together (max amount of air you lungs will hold)

48
Q

FEV1 / FVC = ?

A

80%

49
Q

what is obstructive lung disease ?

A

exhalation problem (hard to move air out)

50
Q

what are two examples of obstructive lung disease ?

A

asthma and emphysema

51
Q

what is asthma ?

A

the airways can become inflamed and narrowed at times. This makes it harder for air to flow out of your airways when you breathe

52
Q

what is emphysema ?

A

alveolar wall destruction

53
Q

in what obstructive lung disease are airways hyperresponsive ?

A

asthma

54
Q

what is a major cause of emphysema ?

A

smooking

55
Q

what happens in the case of emphysema ?

A
  • destruction of alveolar walls
  • loss of elastin
  • reduces elastic recoil
56
Q

what does restrictive lung disease mean ?

A

hard to take air in

57
Q

what is an example of a restrictive lung disease ?

A

pulmonary fibrosis

58
Q

what are some causes for pulmonary fibrosis ?

A
  • chronic inhalation of asbestos
  • coal dust
  • pollution
59
Q

how much % of atmospheric air is made up of oxygen ?

A

21%

60
Q

how much % of atmospheric air is made up of carbon dioxide ?

A

0.03%

61
Q

what is the formula for rate of diffusion ?

A

gradient x SA / thickness

62
Q

how do O2 & CO2 move ?

A

through simple diffusion

63
Q

in regards to gas exchange is a large surface area considered good or bad ?

A

good (lots of area to cross the membrane)

64
Q

what is the organization of CV system ?

A
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary arterioles
  • pulmonary capillaries
  • pulmonary venules
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
65
Q

what is our blood composition ?

A
  • 55% plasma
  • less than 1% white blood cells
  • 45% red blood cells
66
Q

what exists within plasma ?

A

water, proteins, ions, gases, vitamins, etc.

67
Q

what are the two ways blood is transported ?

A
  1. dissolved in plasma
  2. bound to hemoglobin
68
Q

what are three ways in which carbon dioxide is transported ?

A
  1. dissolved in plasma
  2. attached to blood proteins
  3. bicarbonate ion
69
Q

what two things combine to form carbonic acid ?

A

CO2 and H2O

70
Q

what can affect Hb (hemoglobin) saturation ?

A
  • exercise
  • increased temperature
  • increase pCO2
  • decreased pH (acids)
71
Q

what are the two locations of chemoreceptors ?

A
  1. peripheral chemoreceptors
  2. central chemoreceptors
72
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors found ?

A

in aortic arch, carotid body

73
Q

where are central chemoreceptors found ?

A

in medulla

74
Q

what is respiratory acidosis ?

A

ph < 7.4 due to changes in pulmonary gas exchange

75
Q

what are four diseases of respiratory acidosis ?

A
  • emphysema
  • nRDS
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • opioid use
76
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis ?

A

pH > 7.4 due to changes in pulmonary gas exchange (hyperventilation)

77
Q

why does hyperventilation cause you to pass out ?

A
  • hyperventilating increases CO2 removal from blood
  • decrease PCO2 in the blood
  • vasoconstriction of blood vessels
  • decrease blood flow (in then brain)
78
Q

what FOUR acid-base balance tools are used to maintain homeostasis ?

A
  • respiratory acidosis
  • respiratory alkalosis
  • metabolic acidosis
  • metabolic alkalosis
79
Q

what is metabolic acidosis ?

A

pH < 7.4 due to changes in pH unrelated to CO2

80
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis ?

A

pH > 7.4 due to changes in pH unrelated to CO2

81
Q

what is anemia ?

A

not enough red blood cells

82
Q

where are red blood cells produced ?

A

bone marrow

83
Q

what causes anemia ?

A

low production of erythrocytes
- bone marrow issues
- improper nutrition
- kidney failure

84
Q

what are erythrocytes ?

A

red blood cells

85
Q

what does anemia cause an increase in ?

A

bleeding and hemolytic disease

86
Q

what is erythropoietin ?

A
  • peptide hormone
  • acts on bone arrow
  • released from kidney
  • stimulus low PO2
87
Q

what is a consequence of high red blood cells ?

A

thicker blood (more resistance)

Physiology 1021 (10 decks)

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