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HES 383 > Sensory Changes with Aging > Flashcards

Sensory Changes with Aging Flashcards

1
Q

what is refraction

A

light rays travel into the eye and are bent within the cornea and again in the lens in order to focus light onto the retina

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2
Q

what is accommodation

A

the lens is able to change shape in order to bend that rays more or less

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3
Q

signal transduction

A

the retina contains nerve cells (rods and cones) that transform light waves into electrical impulses and send them to the brain for interpretation

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4
Q

what is the lens attached to

A

the ciliary muscle via connective fibres

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5
Q

what happens when the ciliary muscle is relaxed

A

fibres get stretched to pull and flatten the lens to focus on objects farther away

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6
Q

what happens when the ciliary muscles contract

A

the fibres relax to cause the lens to recoil to form a more spherical shape to focus on close objects

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7
Q

what does the lens contain that makes it elastic so it can recoil when the ciliary muscle contracts

A

collagen

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8
Q

what happens to the lens due to age-related change

A

gets opaque and stiff

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9
Q

what happens to the cornea due to age-related change

A

cornea thickens, flattens, and gets rigid

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10
Q

what happens to the retina due to age-related change

A

decreased density of cells of the neural retina

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11
Q

what happens to the CNS due to age-related change

A

slower processing of visual stimuli that results in harder to ID objects, especially when moving in and out of light quickly or have a complex figure or background

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12
Q

what is presbyopia

A

the normal age-related gradual loss of the eye’s ability to focus on close objects

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13
Q

when does presbyopia become noticeable

A

as early as 40s with progressive worsening with age

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14
Q

what is presbyopia caused by

A

stiffening of the lens that results in no longer being able to recoil as well when the ciliary muscle contracts

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15
Q

what kind of treatment is there for presbyopia

A

lens correction like reading glasses or bifocals

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16
Q

what are the pathological conditions of the aging eye

A

cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy

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17
Q

what is cataracts

A

opacity in the lens of the eye due to crystallin misfolds and aggregates making the lens opaque

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18
Q

what is crystallin

A

a protein found in the lens cells making the lens transparent

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19
Q

what are symptoms of cataracts

A

decreased acuity, hazy vision, increased sensitivity to glare and harder-to see low-contrast

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20
Q

what is the kind of treatment for cataracts

A

surgical removal of the lens and replace with prosthetic lens

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21
Q

what is glaucoma

A

progressive optic nerve damage due to high intraocular pressure

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22
Q

what does glaucoma result in

A

permanent loss of peripheral vision and blindness if left untreated

23
Q

what is open-angle glaucoma

A

slow onset raised intraocular pressure that damages he nerves of the retina and optic nerve

24
Q

what is closed-angle glaucoma

A

rapid onset of a sudden blockage of fluid outflow that rapidly elevates intraocular pressure

25
Q

what symptoms occur with closed-angle glaucoma

A

severe pain, blurry vision and halos around lights

26
Q

what kind of treatment is there for glaucoma

A

eye drops to relieve intraocular pressure

27
Q

what is macula

A

the area of the retina where the fovea is located that has a very high density of rods and cones to focus images

28
Q

what is age-related macular degeneration

A

loss of central field vision

29
Q

what are the two types of age-related macular degeneration

A

dry AMD and wet AMD

30
Q

what is dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

A

a slow and progressive disease that causes build of lipid deposits in the macula

31
Q

what are the lipid deposits called in dry AMD

A

drusen

32
Q

what is wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

A

dry AMD can progress to wet AMD where there’s a growth of abnormal blood vessels that leak blood and fluid around the macula

33
Q

what type of age-related macular degeneration is the most common

A

dry AMD

34
Q

how to decrease the risk of AMD

A

exercise, don’t smoke, and good nutrition

35
Q

what is diabetic retinopathy

A

damage to blood vessels of the eye due to chronic high blood glucose levels

36
Q

what occurs in the initial stage of diabetic retinopathy

A

microaneurysms form but are then absorbed into the retina causing temporary sigh issues like blurriness

37
Q

what occurs over time with retinopathy

A

the capillaries of the retina begin to leak fluid onto tissue causing Edema of the retina and prolonged sight issues

38
Q

what occurs in the late stage of diabetic retinopathy

A

new blood vessels grow in the retina and easily rupture, bleeding into the eye resulting in blindness

39
Q

what are symptoms of diabetic retinopathy

A

range from blurred vision, decreased contrast sensitivity and night vision issues, spotty visual field loss, and complete blindness

40
Q

what are some treatment options for diabetic retinopathy

A

control blood glucose levels, laser to treat microaneurysms, or surgically remove scar tissues

41
Q

how do sound waves enter the ear

A

reach tympanic membrane causing it to vibrate that is then transferred across 3 small bones of the middle ear that transfer vibrations to fluid waves within the cochlea to push on the flexible membrane in the cochlea at different locations to bend the hair cells that transform the mechanical signal into an electrical signal to be sent to the brain

42
Q

what is presbycusis

A

age-related hearing loss

43
Q

what percent of adults aged 60-79 years old have presbycusis

A

50%

44
Q

how does presbycusis manifest

A

slowly as bilateral loss of high-frequency sounds

45
Q

what is sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage and degeneration of sensory hair cells of the cochlea

46
Q

what is the treatment for presbycusis

A

hearing aids or cochlear implants

47
Q

what is tinnitus

A

perception of sound in the absence of an acoustic stimulus like ringing, buzzing, or whistling

48
Q

what is tinnitus due to

A

due to age-related and noise-related damage within the structure of the ear

49
Q

what can tinnitus be caused by

A

medications, nicotine, caffeine, high salt, stress, high or low blood pressure

50
Q

what is central auditory processing disorder

A

issues processing the neural stimuli like interpretation, recognition, higher-order processing that is linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia

51
Q

what are some implications of vision loss

A

activities of daily living become difficult like driving, reading and increased risk of falling

52
Q

what are some implications of hearing loss

A

disengagement, isolation, social anxiety and depression are linked to accidents and falls

53
Q

what can untreated hearing loss be associated with

A

accelerated cognitive decline and dementia

HES 383 (14 decks)

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