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HES 383 > Reproductive Aging > Flashcards

Reproductive Aging Flashcards

1
Q

how many follicles are females born with

A

1 million down to 300,000 by puberty

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2
Q

what does each follicle contain

A

1 egg

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3
Q

what is ovulation

A

every cycle, one mature egg is released from the growing follicle

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4
Q

what occurs after menarche

A

ovulation and approaching menopause

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5
Q

what is ovulation regulated by

A

Lh and FSH hormones

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6
Q

where do the regulated hormones get released from

A

the pituitary gland

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7
Q

what does LH and FSH promote

A

follicle growth and preparation for ovulation

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8
Q

what are the functions of estrogen and progesterone

A

ovulation mainly by estrogen via FSH and LH surge and prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg

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9
Q

what occurs when there is no fertilization during ovulation

A

estrogen and progesterone levels fall and thickened layer of uterus is sloughed off while LH and FSH levels rise and cycle begins again

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10
Q

what important roles does Estrogen have a part in

A

bone strength and structure, joint health, muscle mass/strength/power, cardiovascular health, brain health and cognitive function, and metabolic regulation

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11
Q

what hormone is responsible for joint laxity in women

A

estrogen

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12
Q

what occurs to follicle numbers with aging

A

number and quality decline progressively

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13
Q

what are the signs of approaching menopause

A

variable estrogen and progesterone, increasing LH and FSH, and a decline in anabolic hormones alongside with the decrease in both growth hormone and IGF-1

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14
Q

what are characteristics of menopause onset

A

follicular numbers decline to a critical low, FSH and LH levels are high and estrogen levels are low

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15
Q

what is the average age range of menopause onset

A

50-52

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16
Q

what is the STRAW model

A

divides the adult female life into three broad phases that include 7 stages

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17
Q

what are the 3 phases in STRAW

A

reproductive years, transition years, and post-menopause years

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18
Q

what are the 7 stages of the STRAW model

A
  • reproductive early, peak, late
  • transition early and late menopausal transition
  • post-menopausal early and late
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19
Q

at what age do women enter menopausal transition (MT)

A

46

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20
Q

what are the signs of MT

A

increased FSH, decline in estrogen and progesterone levels, variable cycle length by at least 7 days, amenorrhea of >60 days

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21
Q

when does menopause onset begin

A

at the final menstrual period

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22
Q

what is the average age of menopause onset

A

50-52 years old

23
Q

what is the hallmark of menopause

A

decreased estrogen

24
Q

how much does the uterus shrink 15-20 post-menopause

A

70%

25
Q

what are some physiological changes associated with menopause

A

atrophy of urogenital tissues, decline in proportion of lean body mass with increase in fat mass, changes to hair/nails/skin, and loss of protective effect to musculoskeletal and cardiometabolic health

26
Q

during later perimenopause there’s a sudden rise in what rate

A

increased fat mass

27
Q

when does accelerated bone loss occur

A

just prior to FMP and continues for the first 2-3 years after

28
Q

what are ways to prevent bone loss during menopause

A

Ca2+ and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing and resistance exercise, and hormone replacement therapy

29
Q

what changes occur to muscle mass during menopause

A

an increase in intermuscular fat and type 1 fibers, decrease in type 2 fibers and estrogen receptors due to muscle protein synthesis/muscle protein breakdown

30
Q

what changes occur to muscle strength during menopause

A

decrease in motor units, type 2 fibers, calcium release, and ability to recruit all motor unit

31
Q

what are symptoms during peri/post menopause

A

hot flashes/night sweats, mental health, sleep disturbance, cognitive performance, sexual function, and joint stiffness and pain

32
Q

what are the health risks due to menopause

A

cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, low bone mineral density and low muscle mass and strength

33
Q

what are some physical activity benefits for women in post menopause

A

improved sleep and mood, prevention of unhealth weight gain, maintenance of bone mineral density and muscle mass/strength/power, and CVD and T2D prevention

34
Q

what does estrogen promote

A

anabolic response of muscle cells to exercise for muscle growth

35
Q

what type of exercise prescription is best for females post menopause

A

resistance exercise to maintain/minimize decline in muscle mass, weight-bearing activities and resistance training to minimize bone loss, aerobic activity to maintain CV fitness, and flexibility and balance

36
Q

what are the androgenic effects of testosterone

A

development and maintenance of sex organs, sperm development, arousal, secondary sex characteristics

37
Q

what are the anabolic effects of testosterone

A

build muscle mass and strength, bone density and strength

38
Q

what occurs reproductively due to aging in men

A

fertility declines slightly, decreased testosterone levels, decreased size and weight of testes, prostate gland enlarges, and increased risk of erectile dysfunction

39
Q

what is the physiology of ‘Andropause”

A

progressive testosterone declines from 30-40 years onward, sperm production mostly conserved but quality decline

40
Q

what are symptoms of andropause

A

low energy, depression or sadness, erectile dysfunction, infertility, increased body fat, etc.

41
Q

when does testosterone levels peak

A

peaks in 30s and then declines 0.3-1% per year

42
Q

why does testosterone decrease with age

A

due to decrease in number of Leydig cells of the testes

43
Q

what is low testosterone linked to increase risk of

A

hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc.

44
Q

what is late onset hypogonadism

A

a syndrome that is characterized by low testosterone and accompanying signs and/or symptoms

45
Q

what is the trajectory of age-related decline in testosterone affected by

A

obesity, medications, smoking, alcohol, stress, diet, and genetics

46
Q

what does decreased BMI result in

A

an increase in testosterone

47
Q

what are the effects of exercise on testosterone levels in men

A

lower likelihood of having low testosterone

48
Q

what are exercise recommendations for males and testosterone decline

A

aerobic exercise and resistance training

49
Q

what is physical function

A

being able to perform activities of daily living

50
Q

how do you preserve physical function

A

maintain quality of life, prevent loss of independence, and need to better understance the factors that contribute to poor physical function amoung older adults

51
Q

what is the decline in cardiovascular fitness due to

A

limitation on O2 delivery and uptake

52
Q

what does decline in lung function lead to

A

impaired ventilation

53
Q

what was the study’s objective in Gina’s Journal club demo

A

to describe associations between factors within different physiological system and self-reported physical function in older adults and determine if the associations differe in men vs women

HES 383 (14 decks)

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