Age-Related Changes in Body Composition & Measurement Flashcards
what is primary aging
unavoidable deterioration of structure and function
what is secondary aging
deterioration of structure and function due to preventable lifestyle and environmental exposures
when is secondary aging usually seen
in context of disuse that occurs with aging
how can secondary aging be modified
through intervention
what can a decline in physiological function with age result in
reduced reserve capacity meaning the organs are more vulnerable to stresses
what are age-related changes in the body
changes in bone, muscle, and fat tissues with increasing age and accompanying increase in low-grade chronic inflammation
what occurs during the decline in bone mass with aging
bone mineral density starts to decline more measurably around 50 YO
females can lose up to what percent of bone mass 5-7 years post menopause
20%
what can lead to osteoporosis
clinical loss of bone density
what contributes to weaker bone
infiltrated fat in the bone
what age does muscle mass peak
at 30 years old
what percent does muscle mass decline in 40-50 years old
3 - 8%
what is the rate of decline in muscle mass with aging determined by
diet and physical activity level
what causes myosteatosis
when fat infiltrates the muscle
what can lead to sarcopenia
clinical loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength
what does the percentage pf body fat and total mass do with age
it increases up until 70-80 years old
what type of fat increases with aging
increased subcutaneous and visceral fat
why is there an increased fat mass in the abdominal region with aging
associated with increased risk of metabolic disorders and CV disease
where in the body is there an increase in ectopic fat accumulation
skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, and heart
what percentage is body weight increased between 25–60-year-olds
15%
what does TEE stand for
total energy expenditure
what does BEE stand for
basal energy expenditure
what is the vicious cycle
muscle and bone loss, and visceral fat accumulation with aging combined with an increase in total adiposity
what is osteosarconpenic obesity syndrome
a multimorbid state that predisposes an individual to further morbidity
what occurs when an individual has osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome
increased risk of weakness and imbalance, falls, fractures, further decline in function, frailty, and disease
what is acute inflammation
high-grade immediate response to an injury or trauma (how the body repairs itself)
what is chronic inflammation
low-grade and is associated with aging and causes damage build-ups
what does chronic inflammation promote
catabolic state
what is catabolic state
decreased mitochondrial funciton, muscle fibre atrophy, bone mineral breakdown, and fat redistribution
does pro-inflammatory cytokines increase or decrease with age
increases
centenarians are associated with what levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines
lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines
what is inflammageing
an age-related chronic persistence of pro-inflammatory markers in the blood
what is a predictor of morbidity and multimorbidity
inflammaging
what increases chronic inflammation
Osteokines, myokines, and adpiokines
what is a DEXA scan
a picture of what is going on in terms of tissue distribution like muscle and fat amount and bone density
what is the short physical performance battery
a well-validated test that is used in institutional and community-dwelling populations of older adults
