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HES 383 > Cognitive Aging Pt 2 (Cognitive Impairment & Dementia) > Flashcards

Cognitive Aging Pt 2 (Cognitive Impairment & Dementia) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scaffolding theory

A

combines ideas on how aging affects thr brain and how the brain compensates

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2
Q

what is deterioration of neural systems

A

aging causes brain systems to deteriorate, leading to cognitive decline

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3
Q

what is compensation regarding cognitive aging

A

the brain grows new connetions to maintain function despite deterioration

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4
Q

what enhances scaffolding

A

learning, training, engagement, and exercise help strengthen new brain connections

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5
Q

what is a common memory issue in normal aging related to conversations or events

A

not being able to remember details of a conversation or event that took place a year ago

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6
Q

in normal aging, what is a common difficulty related to names

A

not being able to remember the name of an acquaintance

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7
Q

how often do people with normal aging forget things and events

A

occasionally

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8
Q

what occasional language difficulty might someone with normal aging expericence

A

occasionally having difficulty finding words

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9
Q

who is typically worries about memory in normal aging

A

your are worries about your memory, but your relatives are not

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10
Q

what is a common issue in dementia related to recent events or conversations

A

not being able to recall details of recent events or conversations

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11
Q

in dementia, what is common difficulty related to recognizing people

A

not recognizing or knowing the names of family members

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12
Q

what language difficulties might someone with dementia experience

A

frequent pauses and substitutions when finding words

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13
Q

whi is typically worries about memory in dementia

A

your relatives are worried about your memory, but you are not aware of any problems

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14
Q

what is dementia

A

a group of progressive neurodegenerative chronic diseases

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15
Q

how does cognitive function decline in dementia compare to normal aging

A

decreased cognitive funciton beyond normal age-related decline

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16
Q

what cognitive areas are affected by dementia

A

memory and learning, langauge, visuo-spatial abilities, executive function, and processing speed

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17
Q

how is dementia diagnosed

A

based on symptoms over time, including behavioural assessment and history

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18
Q

what are the main methods for diagnosing dementia

A

behavioural assessments and history

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19
Q

what should be included in the diagnosis of dementia

A

symptoms over time, including risk factors

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20
Q

what is a key concern in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

A

concern about a change in cognition compared to that individual’s previous level

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21
Q

how many cognitive domain show low performance in MCI

A

evidence of low performance in one or more cognitive domains

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22
Q

does MCI significantly impact daily activities

A

no, it does not significantly impact daily activities

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23
Q

are individuals with MCI likely to develop dementia

A

yes, individuals with MCI are more likely to prgress to develop dementia

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24
Q

what is MCI considered in terms of progression to dementia

A

it is considered a ‘window’ in which it may be possible to delay progression to dementia

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25
Q

what are the first steps in diagnosing MCI and dementia

A

medical history and fall risk

26
Q

what type of questionnarie is used to assess functional activities in MCI and dementia

A

functional activities questionnaire

27
Q

what is an example of mental status examination used in diagnosing MCI and dementia

A

mini-mental state exam and mini cog

28
Q

what is the prediction for dementia affecting individuals over 85 by 2050

A

affecting 1 in 3 individuals with Alzheimer’s being the most common

29
Q

what is unique about Alzheimers among the top 10 causes of death worldwide

A

in the only one that we cannot prevent, cure, or successfully slow down, despite promising research

30
Q

how is Alzheimer’s disease characterized

A

by progressive loss of cognitive function, most often memory loss, and abnormal changes in personality

31
Q

where is the ciritcal loss of synapses most pronounced in Alzheimer’s disease

A

in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex

32
Q

what accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer’s disease

A

Amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

33
Q

what is the role of Amyloid precursor protein (APP)

A

involved in synaptic development, cell signalling, and neuronal plasticity

34
Q

how is Beta-Amyloid protein produced

A

when enzymes cleave APP at the wrong place

35
Q

what happens to Beta-Amylod proteins after they are produced

A

they misfold and stick to each other, forming plaques

36
Q

what is the impact of Beta-Amyloid plaques on neurons

A

block communication at synapses and trigger an immune response, leading to neuron destruction

37
Q

how is cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease related to plaques

A

the degree of cognitive impairment in AD is correlated with the number of plaques

38
Q

what is neurofibrillary tangles

A

twisted fibers found inside brain cells, associated with AD

39
Q

what is the role of Tau proteins in healthy neurons

A

embedded within the microtubules of neurons and acts as a stabilizing molecule

40
Q

what happens to Tau peotein in AD

A

they become hyperphosphorylated, dissociates from microtubules, misfolds, and forms neurofibrillary tangles

41
Q

what is the effect of neurofibrillary tangles on neurons

A

neurons with disintegrates microtubules die off

42
Q

how does misfolded tau affect healthy neurons

A

spread across synpases and cause healthy tau to misfold

43
Q

how do imflammatory responses contribute to neuron destruction in AD

A

microglia ctivated by plauqes and tangles release cytokines that attack neurons and phagocytize synapses, imacting transmission

44
Q

what is the most accepted hypothesis for the pathogenesis of AD

A

the Amyloid Beta Hypothesis

45
Q

how is cognitive impairment in AD diagnosed

A

through objective assessment and the presence of biomarkers

46
Q

what cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are used in diagnosing AD

A

Abeta42, total tau and phosphorylated tau

47
Q

what imaging techniques are used for Alzheimer’s diagnoses

A

MRI, fluorodeoxyglucose PET scan, Amyloid PET scan, and Tau PET can

48
Q

how does the risk of AD change with age

A

risk doubles every 5 years after 60 YO

49
Q

which gene is well-studied for increasing the risk of AD

A

APOE4 gene

50
Q

what percentage of AD cases worlwide are attributed to modifiable factors

A

40%

51
Q

name a modifiable risk factor for AD

A
  • low education
  • midlife hypertension
  • midlife obesity
  • insulin resistance
  • physical inactivity
  • smoking
  • depression/social isolation
  • excessive alchohol consumption
  • traumatic brain injury
  • air pollution
52
Q

what is the relationship between cardiovascular health and AD

A

80% of people with AD also have CVD, with shared clinical and behavioural risk factors

53
Q

what is the phrase that links hearts to brain health

A

“Whats good for the ehart is good for the brain”

54
Q

what causes vascular cognitive impairment

A

reduced blood flow to the brain and/or cerebrovascular injury

55
Q

how is vascular cognitive impairment diagnosed

A

cognitive deficit in at least 1 cognitive domain and imaging evidence of cerebrovascular disease

56
Q

how does sleep impact AD

A

slow wave deep sleep is a power cleanse for the brain while poor sleep can increase amyloid beta deposits

57
Q

what is the link between hearing loss and dementia

A

hearing loss can increase the likelihood of developing dementia due to isolation, the brain working harder to process sound, and fewer auditory signals

58
Q

what is “Type 3 Diabetes”

A

insulin resistance and cognitive decline in AD

59
Q

what impact does social isolation have on dementia risk

A

social isolation is associated with a 50% increased risk of developing dementia

60
Q

what can neural plasticity do for cognitive reserve

A

learning new things create new synapses, which helps buffer cognitive decline

61
Q

what are the beefits of physical activity on cognitive health

A

regualr exercise decreases the rate of hippocampal volume decline and is associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline and AD

62
Q

what is the “Minds in Motion” program

A

a fitness and social program for people experiencing early symptopms of dementia, including a 45-minute fitness session and 1 hour of social activities

HES 383 (15 decks)

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