Cardiovascular Aging Pt. 3

Question 1

what is the link between aging and increased CVD risk

Answer 1

vascular dysfunction

Question 2

what are the 2 main factors of vascular dysfunction in aging

Answer 2

1) stiffening of the large elastic arteries
2) endothelial dysfunction

Question 3

what are the factors of vascular dysfunction due to

Answer 3

• increased oxidative stress
• increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that result of chronic inflammation
• other changes in the cell associated with aging

Question 4

what are ways to measure large artery stiffness

Answer 4

carotid artery compliance and pulse-wave velocity

Question 5

what is applanation tonometry at the carotid artery

Answer 5

• pressure probe used to measure waveform
• measures the distensibility of the carotid artery
• used to calculate augmentation index

Question 6

how do you calculate pulse wave velocity

Answer 6

can use applanation tonometry OR a transcutaneous doppler flow probe to measure a wave forms

Question 7

what are measures of arterial stiffness

Answer 7

augmentation index and pulse wave velocity

Question 8

what indices of arterial stiffness were measured

Answer 8

systolic BP, Aortic pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index

Question 9

what was the relationship between age and arterial stiffness indices

Answer 9

all 3 indices of arterial stiffness increase with age

Question 10

what was the difference between systolic BP in old sedetnary, old athletes, and young sedentary

Answer 10

was higher in older sedentary but not in old athletes compared to young sedentary

Question 11

what was the difference between aortic PWV in old athletes, sedentary age and young sedentary males

Answer 11

less in old athletes than in sedentary age-matched control and is similar to young sedentary group

Question 12

what was the difference between augmentation index in old athletes, old control and young control

Answer 12

lower in old athletes vs old control but was higher than in young control

Question 13

what occurs to middle-age and older males who exercise regularly

Answer 13

have arterial stiffness similar to young male compared to sedentary peers

Question 14

aerobic exercise has a protective effect on what

Answer 14

arterial stiffness in aging females

Question 15

what does short-term aerobic exercise reduce

Answer 15

arterial stiffness in older males

Question 16

what does short-term moderate aerobic exercise restore in premenopausal women

Answer 16

carotid arterial compliance

Question 17

what are the mechanisms of action for relationship between exercise and arterial stiffness

Answer 17

lower oxidative stress and lower chronic systemic inflammation

Question 18

how does aerobic exercise affect oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults

Answer 18

lower markers of oxidative stress in the blood in aerobic exercise trained compared to sedentary men and women

Question 19

what is the effect of vigorous aerobic exercise on chronic systemic inflammation in middle-aged and older adults

Answer 19

lower concentrations of circulating CRP and inflammatory cytokines and higher concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to sedentary controls

Question 20

what is peak forearm blood flow a measure of

Answer 20

endothelial function of the resistance arteries

Question 21

what is brachial artery flow-mediated dilation a measure of

Answer 21

endothelial function of the conduit arteries

Question 22

what is the effect of regular aerobic exercise on endothelial function in healthy older males

Answer 22

maintains/improves endothelial function

Question 23

what is the effect of regular aerobic exercise on endothelial function in healthy estrogen-deficient post-menopausal women

Answer 23

does not enhance endothelial function

Question 24

what happened to brachial artery FMD after 8-12 weeks of exercise training

Answer 24

increased healthy middle-aged/older males and post-menopausal women on HRT, but not in estrogen-deficient post-menopausal

Question 25

can endothelial function be restored with exercise in men and post-menopausal women on HRT

Answer 25

yes, endothelial function can be restored with exercise

Question 26

what are nutrition-dietary patterns that improve vascular health

Answer 26

• caloric restriction
• select dietary patterns (DASH/Mediterranean diet)
• sodium restriction
• specific nutrient modulation (high fiber diet)