Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HES 383 > Pulmonary Aging - Structural & Functional Changes > Flashcards

Pulmonary Aging - Structural & Functional Changes Flashcards

1
Q

what does the respiratory system functions in conjunction with

A

the cardiovascular system to determine functional capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what ages does pulmonary function and aerobic capacity each deline by 40%

A

between 30-80 YO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the different properties of the lung

A
  • compliance
  • elasticity
  • alveoli
  • chest wall
  • structural proteins
  • surfactant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is lung compliance

A

when the lungs expand with minimal force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is lung elasticity

A

the lungs can spring back after being stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are alveoli

A

thin walls that are lined with a single layer of epithelial cells for efficient gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the chest wall

A

a compliant, aiding in expansion and alveoli support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is strucutral properties of the lungs

A

collagen and elastin that provide compliance and elastance preventing airway collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is lung surfactant

A

the fluid lining alveoli and reducing surface tension and aiding compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are age-related changes of the lungs

A
  • increased stiffness of chest wall
  • decreased muscle mass
  • reduced mucocilliary clearance
  • decreased elastic fibers
  • increased cross-linked collegan
  • enlarger alveolar ducts and alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does increased stiffness of the chest wall result in

A

increased work of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does a decreae in elastic fiber and an increased cross-linked collagen result in

A

decreased elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the structural changes to the lung with aging

A

increased collagen fiber crosslinking and elastic fiber fracture resulting in dilation of alveolar ducts and enlargement of air spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the different consequences of strucutral changes to the lung due to aging

A
  • decreased surface area and efficiency of gas exchange
  • decreased elastic recoil and surface tension
  • decreased airway tehtering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the results from the consequences of structural changes to the lung due to aging

A

increased lung compliance, resistance to airflow during expiration and air trapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the age-related extrapulmonary structural changes that affect lung function

A
  • increased stiffness of the chest wall
  • decreased curvature of the diaphragm
  • increased stiffness of respiratory muscles
  • loss of respiratory muscle mass and strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the results of increased stiffness of the chest wall from age-related exrapulmonary structural changes of lung function

A

degenerative changes of the spine like kyphosis and calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the result of extrapulmonary structural changes to lung function with age

A

a decreased chest wall compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is used to measure pulmonary function

A

lung volume and lung capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the lung volumes measurements

A
  • tidal volume (TV)
  • inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
  • expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
  • residual volume (RV)
  • forced expiration volume in 1 second (FEV1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the lung capacitiy measurements

A
  • vital capacity (VC)
  • forced vital capacity (FVC)
  • inspiratory capacity (IC)
  • functional residual capacity (FRC)
  • total lung capacity (TLC)
22
Q

how do you calculate vital capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

23
Q

how do you calculate inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserce volume

24
Q

how do you calculate function residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

25
Q

how do you calculate total lung capacity

A

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

26
Q

what are the changes in respiratory mechanics that lead to changes in pulmonary function in order

A

1) alveolar enlargement
2) reduced elastic recoil pressure of the lung
2a) decreaed FEV1 & FVC and increased FRC & RV
3) airway closure
3a) increased FRC and RV
4) reduced chest wall compliance and decreased respiratory muscle strength
4a) increased work of breathing (with exertion)

27
Q

what are the changes in pulmonary function

A
  • increased residual volume and functional residual capacity
  • decreased vital capacity, inspiratory, and expiratory reserve volumes
  • total lung copacity remains constant in normal aging
28
Q

what is the result of a forced expiration test

A

decreased elastic recoil, increased resistance to airflow, and airway closure during expiration that results in decreased forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second

29
Q

what does dynamic lung function decline show in older adults

A

expiratory limb of the flow volume loop are obstruction to airflow

30
Q

what is V/Q inequality regarding to age-related changes in gas exchange

A

increased mismatch in ventilation and perfusion

31
Q

what is decreased DLCO regarding age-related changes in gas exchange

A

reduced dissusion capacity due to decreased aveolar surface area and capillary density

32
Q

what are the ventilation-perfusion ratios

A

low V/Q and high V/Q ratios

33
Q

what is the low V/Q ratio

A

low ventilation to normal perfusion areas

34
Q

what is the high V/Q ratio

A

high ventilation to areas with inadequate perfusion

35
Q

does age-related respiratory changes affect everyday functioning

A

no but they do limit capacity during high-intensity activities

36
Q

what increases the risk of age-related lung disease

A

age-related respiratory changes

37
Q

what are the common age-associated lung pathologies

A

emphysema, fibrotic lung disease, and pulmonary edema

38
Q

what is emphysema

A

alveoli destructuion and inflammation

39
Q

what is emphysema due to

A

cigarette smoke or other airbone pollutants and genetics

40
Q

what is fibrotic lung disease

A

scar tissue build-up arounf alveoli

41
Q

what is fibrotic lung disease due to

A

particulate irritants like asbestos

42
Q

what is pulmonary edema

A

increased interstitial fluid in the lungs

43
Q

what is pulmonary edema due to

A

congestive heart failure

44
Q

what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

group of chronic respiratory disorders often emphysema and chronic bronchitis

45
Q

how does COPD affect the lungs

A

progressive and irreversible damage caused by smoking

46
Q

what are strategies for optimizing healthy lung aging

A
  • avoid/quit smoking
  • avoid severe illness
  • maintain good air quality
  • healthy diet with antioxidants
  • regular PA (aerobic)
47
Q

what are the results of pulmonary exercise physiology and aging

A

age-related decline in lung function becomes noticeable during exercise and increased expiratory flow limitation and functional residual capacity during exericse

48
Q

what are factors impacting VO2

A

cardiac output, ventilation, and muscle metabolism

49
Q

what is oxygen consumption rate dependent on

A

1) muscle metabolism
2) gas transport
3) blood flow matching
4) blood O2 and CO2 carrying capacity
5) cardiac output
6) pulmonary vascular function
7) pulmonary O2 and CO2 transport
8) ventilation regulation

50
Q

how much does VO2 max decline per year after 30 YO

A

0.5%

51
Q

what is a cardiopulmonary exercise test used for

A

to evaluate the cardiopulmonary response to exercise at varying intensities

52
Q

what is the 6 minute walk test

A

assesses aerobic endurance

HES 383 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions