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Sensorimotor Development Flashcards

1
Q

What cannot be underestimated

A

The importance of sensorimotor skills

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2
Q

What are the stages of development

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concerete Operational
Formal operational

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3
Q

What can a child do in the sensorimotor stage

A

Explores the world trough direct sensory and motor contact.

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4
Q

How old is the child in the sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years

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5
Q

What can a child do in the pre-operational stage

A

Child uses symbols to represent objects but does not reason logically

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6
Q

How old is a child in the pre-operationla stage

A

2-6 years

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7
Q

What is the most important stage for sensorimotor development

A

Sensorimotor 0-2 years

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8
Q

What are some sensorimotor skills

A 
Walking
Clumsiness
Hand eye coordianition 
Writing
Reading 
Co-ordination eye contact with speech and gesture during a conversation
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9
Q

What are a range of skills are required for

A

Intact sensorimotor processing

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10
Q

What are the stages of the body interacting with the world

A
  1. Sensory systems
  2. State estimation
  3. Inverse model
  4. Forward model
  5. Motor execution
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11
Q

What stages are used when the body interacts with the world wrongly

A

State estimation

Motor execution

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12
Q

Which two disorders have been suggested to be disorders of sensorimotor development

A

ASD

Developmental Coordination Disorder DCD

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13
Q

What are the pronounced difficulties in ASD

A

Communication
Socialisation
Narrow circumscribed interestsRepetitive Behaviours
Sensory hypersensitivity

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14
Q

What are the pronounced difficulties in DCD

A

Selection, timing and spatial organization of purposeful movement and coordination

Social anxiety, social and communication skills

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15
Q

Why as DCD and ASD linked to sensorimotor development

A

Because both conditions encompass sensory motor difficulties

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16
Q

How did Cassidy et al. 2016 find DCD individuals performed on the AQ

A

Scored higher

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17
Q

Is DCD more prevelant in ASD than in the general population according to Cassidy et al. 2016

A

6.9% MORE LIKLEY

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18
Q

Is DCD assocaited with significantly higher ASD traits

A

Yes higher ASD traits and lower empathy than controls

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19
Q

Are sensorimotor skills important for social skills and empathy

A

Yes

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20
Q

Who found much overlap between ASD and DCD

A

Peik and Dyck 2004

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21
Q

What are both DCD and ASD associate with

A

Difficulties in social and communication skills, and empathy into adulthood

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22
Q

What did Hannant demand between ASD and DCD

A

That those with ASD must be assed for DCD and vice versa

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23
Q

Who first reported general climsiness in ASD

A

Asperger and Kanner

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24
Q

What was found to be unusual in ASD assessment

A

Gait

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25
What percentage of people with ASD have motor difficulties according to Green 2009
80%
26
Who suggested that motor differences are presented from early infancy in those with ASD
Flanagan et al. 2010
27
Motor delays tend to be reported by parents as first area of concern at what age
14.7 months according to Chawarska et al. 2017
28
What areas are motor difficulties associated with
Imitation Speech sound production Emotion recognition Anxiety in response to social interaction
29
What do some of the areas of difficulty lack
ASD participants
30
What is now apart of the DSM criteria for ASD
Sensory difficulties
31
What did early clicinal reports describe
sensory intrusions” not being able to disregard irrelevant information and hypersensitivity to sounds, report pain and anxiety
32
Do the early clinical reports match current findings
Yes
33
What percentage of people with ASD have sensory difficulties
65-95%
34
What did Blanche 2012 suggest was another difficulty for those with ASD
Proprioceptive impairment i..e knowing how close are to something (determining where body is in space)
35
Increased rates of what disorder have been found in ASD
Synaesthesia (where one sensory modality triggers another) experience touch as colours
36
But are there only sensory difficulties in ASD
NO
37
Who found evidence of superior visual processing of details
Mottron et al. 2006
38
What did Koldeywn et al. 2011 find
That those with ASD have difficulties processing motion
39
What do Mottron 2006 and Koldeywn's work suggest about ASD
Intact form perception but deficits in motion processing
40
What are some of the impacts of sensory difficulties
Difficulties in social and communication skills
41
What are ASD traits associated with sensory reactivity with
Hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli
42
What are sensory difficulties a core feature of
ASD and associated with RRBs and anxiety
43
Define RRBs
Insistence on sameness and repetitive motor movements
44
Are Sensory and motor difficulties prevalent in autism, and associated with social and communication skills
Yes
45
What is poor sensory motor also associated with
With increased likelihood of autism diagnosis at 3 years
46
Who suggested that an ASD diagnosis was more likely with sensory motor difficulties
Landa 2006
47
What do sensory motor difficulties in ASD appear to be associated with and impact on
Anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty
48
How are sensory and motor abilities connected
Intrinsically
49
Do children with ASD have greater sensory motor diffcutlies
Children with autism have marked sensory and motor difficulties compared to those without autism
50
What do sensorimotor skills more strongly predict
Social and communication in those with and without ASD
51
What effect does ASD have on eye movements
Less accurate when moving eyes to new target | slower to initiate eye movement
52
Who found those with ASD have difficulties coordianting hand and eye movements
Glazebrook et al. 2009
53
What could the effects on eye movements explain according to Hannant and Kiln
Dealy in looking to pertinent social cues with downstream effects on social communication and ability
54
What illusion can be used to test sensory motor abilties
Rubber hand illusion
55
How do ASD children perform on the rubber hand illusion
Children with autism less susceptible than typically developing controls Delayed susceptibility to the illusion (6 minutes)
56
Why is it believed that ASD children are delayed on the Rubber hand illusion
Less empathy
57
What does performance on the rubber hand task demonstrate
Reduced ability to integrate visual and tactile information
58
How did adults with ASD perform on the rubber hand task
Less sensitive to visual tactile discrepancies | Less proprioceptive drift to the rubber hand than controls
59
What have ASD children been found to have difficulty incorporating
Visual information into motor learning
60
How did children with ASD perform with a visual distractor in Dowd 2012
Presence of a visual distractor did not impact performance of children with autism like with typical controls
61
Those with ASD are significantly less able to correct movements from visual compared to proprioceptive feedback according to who
Gepner and Mestre 2002
62
What do ASD have specific difficulties with in sensory motor
Significantly less able to correct movements from visual compared to proprioceptive feedback
63
Who conducted a study into sesnorimotor integration in ASD
Salowitz 2013
64
What do those with ADS not tend to incorporate
Other sensory inputs, particularly visual feedback, into motor learning
65
What do those with ASD have difficult coordinating
Visual and motor movements
66
What do these sensory motor difficulties in those with ASD suggest
Difficulty incorporating sensory feedback into model
67
What does the sensory motor difficulties cause
Impaired forward model, lacking accuracy and flexibility
68
How do ASD use the forward model
People with autism can learn new motor skills, and modify the forward model, but it takes longer
69
Does sensory motor and modification of the forward model appear to improve with time
Yes
70
What area of the brain has been suggested to be a biological basis for these difficulties
Cerebellum
71
Why is the cerebellum believed to play a role
Saccadic accuracy has been connected to error-reducing function of the cerebellum (Schmitt et al. 2014) Cerebellum volume associated with difficulties incorporating visual cues in motor learning (Marko et al. 2015)
72
What is the cerebellum linked to
Pathways that link sensory and motor pathways in the brain
73
Who found abnormalities in ASD cerebellums
McAlonan 2002
74
What level of activation do ASD have in the cerebellum during motor tasks
Decreased
75
Where does sensory toro integration occur
Purkinje cells in the cerebellum
76
What level of GABA synthesis do those with ASD have compare to NT
Ineffeicent
77
What are the impact of sensorimotor difficulties in ASD
Difficulties with: accuracy, speed, and initiation of eye movements; coordination of eye and body movements; integrating visual and tactile information integrating visual information into motor learning, with increased reliance on proprioceptionsocial learning opportunities - social skills social imitation looking quickly to socially pertinent cues coordination of gesture eye contact and speech Repetitive motor mannerisms, insistence on sameness, stereotypies
78
What can ASD adults benefit from
Therapy to treat mental health difficulties such as anxiety, but it takes much longer
79
What is a direct cause of these difficutlies
Increased prevalence of anxiety
80
What do sensorimotor difficulties also explain
Development and maintenance of ASD

Developmental (10 decks)

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