Sensorimotor Development Flashcards
What cannot be underestimated
The importance of sensorimotor skills
What are the stages of development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concerete Operational
Formal operational
What can a child do in the sensorimotor stage
Explores the world trough direct sensory and motor contact.
How old is the child in the sensorimotor stage
0-2 years
What can a child do in the pre-operational stage
Child uses symbols to represent objects but does not reason logically
How old is a child in the pre-operationla stage
2-6 years
What is the most important stage for sensorimotor development
Sensorimotor 0-2 years
What are some sensorimotor skills
Walking Clumsiness Hand eye coordianition Writing Reading Co-ordination eye contact with speech and gesture during a conversation
What are a range of skills are required for
Intact sensorimotor processing
What are the stages of the body interacting with the world
- Sensory systems
- State estimation
- Inverse model
- Forward model
- Motor execution
What stages are used when the body interacts with the world wrongly
State estimation
Motor execution
Which two disorders have been suggested to be disorders of sensorimotor development
ASD
Developmental Coordination Disorder DCD
What are the pronounced difficulties in ASD
Communication
Socialisation
Narrow circumscribed interestsRepetitive Behaviours
Sensory hypersensitivity
What are the pronounced difficulties in DCD
Selection, timing and spatial organization of purposeful movement and coordination
Social anxiety, social and communication skills
Why as DCD and ASD linked to sensorimotor development
Because both conditions encompass sensory motor difficulties
How did Cassidy et al. 2016 find DCD individuals performed on the AQ
Scored higher
Is DCD more prevelant in ASD than in the general population according to Cassidy et al. 2016
6.9% MORE LIKLEY
Is DCD assocaited with significantly higher ASD traits
Yes higher ASD traits and lower empathy than controls
Are sensorimotor skills important for social skills and empathy
Yes
Who found much overlap between ASD and DCD
Peik and Dyck 2004
What are both DCD and ASD associate with
Difficulties in social and communication skills, and empathy into adulthood
What did Hannant demand between ASD and DCD
That those with ASD must be assed for DCD and vice versa
Who first reported general climsiness in ASD
Asperger and Kanner
What was found to be unusual in ASD assessment
Gait
What percentage of people with ASD have motor difficulties according to Green 2009
80%
Who suggested that motor differences are presented from early infancy in those with ASD
Flanagan et al. 2010
Motor delays tend to be reported by parents as first area of concern at what age
14.7 months according to Chawarska et al. 2017
What areas are motor difficulties associated with
Imitation
Speech sound production
Emotion recognition
Anxiety in response to social interaction
What do some of the areas of difficulty lack
ASD participants
What is now apart of the DSM criteria for ASD
Sensory difficulties
What did early clicinal reports describe
sensory intrusions” not being able to disregard irrelevant information and hypersensitivity to sounds, report pain and anxiety
Do the early clinical reports match current findings
Yes
What percentage of people with ASD have sensory difficulties
65-95%
What did Blanche 2012 suggest was another difficulty for those with ASD
Proprioceptive impairment i..e knowing how close are to something (determining where body is in space)
Increased rates of what disorder have been found in ASD
Synaesthesia (where one sensory modality triggers another) experience touch as colours
But are there only sensory difficulties in ASD
NO
Who found evidence of superior visual processing of details
Mottron et al. 2006
What did Koldeywn et al. 2011 find
That those with ASD have difficulties processing motion
What do Mottron 2006 and Koldeywn’s work suggest about ASD
Intact form perception but deficits in motion processing
What are some of the impacts of sensory difficulties
Difficulties in social and communication skills
What are ASD traits associated with sensory reactivity with
Hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli
What are sensory difficulties a core feature of
ASD and associated with RRBs and anxiety
Define RRBs
Insistence on sameness and repetitive motor movements
Are Sensory and motor difficulties prevalent in autism, and associated with social and communication skills
Yes
What is poor sensory motor also associated with
With increased likelihood of autism diagnosis at 3 years
Who suggested that an ASD diagnosis was more likely with sensory motor difficulties
Landa 2006
What do sensory motor difficulties in ASD appear to be associated with and impact on
Anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty
How are sensory and motor abilities connected
Intrinsically
Do children with ASD have greater sensory motor diffcutlies
Children with autism have marked
sensory and motor difficulties
compared to those without autism
What do sensorimotor skills more strongly predict
Social and communication in those with and without ASD
What effect does ASD have on eye movements
Less accurate when moving eyes to new target
slower to initiate eye movement
Who found those with ASD have difficulties coordianting hand and eye movements
Glazebrook et al. 2009
What could the effects on eye movements explain according to Hannant and Kiln
Dealy in looking to pertinent social cues with downstream effects on social communication and ability
What illusion can be used to test sensory motor abilties
Rubber hand illusion
How do ASD children perform on the rubber hand illusion
Children with autism less susceptible than typically developing controls
Delayed susceptibility to the illusion (6 minutes)
Why is it believed that ASD children are delayed on the Rubber hand illusion
Less empathy
What does performance on the rubber hand task demonstrate
Reduced ability to integrate visual and tactile information
How did adults with ASD perform on the rubber hand task
Less sensitive to visual tactile discrepancies
Less proprioceptive drift to the rubber hand than controls
What have ASD children been found to have difficulty incorporating
Visual information into motor learning
How did children with ASD perform with a visual distractor in Dowd 2012
Presence of a visual distractor did not impact performance of children with autism like with typical controls
Those with ASD are significantly less able to correct movements from visual compared to proprioceptive feedback according to who
Gepner and Mestre 2002
What do ASD have specific difficulties with in sensory motor
Significantly less able to correct movements from visual compared to proprioceptive feedback
Who conducted a study into sesnorimotor integration in ASD
Salowitz 2013
What do those with ADS not tend to incorporate
Other sensory inputs, particularly visual feedback, into motor learning
What do those with ASD have difficult coordinating
Visual and motor movements
What do these sensory motor difficulties in those with ASD suggest
Difficulty incorporating sensory feedback into model
What does the sensory motor difficulties cause
Impaired forward model, lacking accuracy and flexibility
How do ASD use the forward model
People with autism can learn new motor skills, and modify the forward model, but it takes longer
Does sensory motor and modification of the forward model appear to improve with time
Yes
What area of the brain has been suggested to be a biological basis for these difficulties
Cerebellum
Why is the cerebellum believed to play a role
Saccadic accuracy has been connected to error-reducing function of the cerebellum (Schmitt et al. 2014)
Cerebellum volume associated with difficulties incorporating visual cues in motor learning (Marko et al. 2015)
What is the cerebellum linked to
Pathways that link sensory and motor pathways in the brain
Who found abnormalities in ASD cerebellums
McAlonan 2002
What level of activation do ASD have in the cerebellum during motor tasks
Decreased
Where does sensory toro integration occur
Purkinje cells in the cerebellum
What level of GABA synthesis do those with ASD have compare to NT
Ineffeicent
What are the impact of sensorimotor difficulties in ASD
Difficulties with: accuracy, speed, and initiation of eye movements;
coordination of eye and body movements;
integrating visual and tactile information
integrating visual information into motor learning, with increased reliance on proprioceptionsocial learning opportunities - social skills
social imitation
looking quickly to socially pertinent cues
coordination of gesture eye contact and speech
Repetitive motor mannerisms, insistence on sameness, stereotypies
What can ASD adults benefit from
Therapy to treat mental health difficulties such as anxiety, but it takes much longer
What is a direct cause of these difficutlies
Increased prevalence of anxiety
What do sensorimotor difficulties also explain
Development and maintenance of ASD
