Mental Health Flashcards
1
Q
What does suicidality refer to
A
From thoughts to behaviours, can be current (now) or lifetime (any point in your life)
2
Q
What is required for a mental health diagnosis
A
Need to be causing distress
Meet criteria in DSM-V
Clinical judgement
3
Q
Co-occuerance with what condition could effect the likely hood of factors leading to mental health
A
asd
4
Q
What is the challenge
A
Effectively identifying mental health problems
5
Q
What are the four key areas of mental health
A
Environment
Biological
Societal
Psychological
6
Q
What does environmental factors of mental health refer to
A
Stress, bereavement, finances, bullying, unemployment
7
Q
What does societal factors of mental health refer to
A
Attitudes
Stigma
Policy
Poverty
8
Q
What does psychological factors of mental health refer to
A
Thinking style
Coping strategies
Resiliance
9
Q
What does biological factors of mental health refer to
A
Genetic predisposition
Brain structure and functions
10
Q
What are 4 key components of ASD
A
Socialisation
Narrow interests
Imagination
Sensory
11
Q
When were mental health difficulties first reported
A
Kanners first clinical report of 1943
12
Q
What conditions did Kanners note in 1943
A
Anxiety and fear
Depression
13
Q
What symptom is shared between anxiety and sameness
A
Insistence of sameness
14
Q
What is the typical age to be diagnosed with ASD acording to Howlin 1999
A
5 years
15
Q
When do people get diagnosed with AS
A
11 years or adulthood
16
Q
Who reported a lack of support post diagnosis for children and adults
A
Crane 2015
17
Q
Who reported Bullying and peer victimisations
A
Shatyermman 20017
18
Q
What do those who transition into adulthood with ASD/AS report
A
lack of support services health and social difficulties poor quality of life low occupational achievement social exclusion and isolation
19
Q
What social challenges do those with ASD face
A
Difficulty recognising others emotions, interpreting and predicting behaviour and responding accuratly
20
Q
True or false ASD are harder to read according to Sheppard 2017
A
true
21
Q
What could the social challenges those with ASD face contribute to
A
Social exclusion Sasson
22
Q
What is the social challenges that those with ASD face referred to
A
Social challenges
23
Q
What are the potential impacts of the social challenges ASD face
A
social isolation
Loneliness
Those with high autistic traits more likely to experience thwarted belongingness
24
Q
What conditions is ASD associated with
A
Depressio and self harm
25
What is the name of the ASD coping strategy in social situations
Camoflauging
26
What gender is camouflaging more common in
Women
27
What does camouflaging lead to
```
Under diagnosis
Miss diagnosis
Toll on mental health
Loss of identity
Exhaustion
```
28
Why does camouflaging occur
To help fit in in a NT society
29
What are the DSM criteria for depression and how many do inidivuals have to have
```
5 or more of the 9
Depressed mood
looks of interst
change in weight
insomnia
retardation or agitation
loss of energy
worthlessness
impaired concentration
death, suicide ideation or suicide attempts
```
30
What percentage of the UK population experience a mental health problem
23%
31
What is the most common mental health problem
Depression
32
What percentage of ASD adults meet the criteria for a psychiatric condition at some point with depression most common
79%
33
What is the prevalence of depression in ASD adults
30-50%
34
What is the prevalence of depression in ASD children
30%
35
Why is there believed to be such prevalence of depression in ASD
Social Isolation
Unemployment
Loneliness
Awareness of own shortcoming and struggle
36
What style has been suggested by Cassidy as to why prevalence of depression is so high in ASD
Cognitive style
37
What aspects of cogntive style are believed to influence depression prevelance
Inflexible thinking
| Memory biases
38
What are the issues preventing effective diagnosing of depression in ASD
Overlap of symptoms - diagnostic overshadowing
Lack of ASD relevant terms
Cognitive style affecting interpretation of questions
39
Who conducted a study into the psycho-socail factors of ASD
Jackson 2016
40
What did Jackson 2016 find regarding the psycho-social factors of ASD
Self-reported autistic traits associated with current self reported depression, significantly mediated by difficulties in social problem-solving skills
41
What are the impacts of depression in ASD
Over 90% of those who commit suicide where diagnosed with depression
42
What level of risk of suicide are those with ASD
Significantly increased risk
43
Out of 347 newly diagnosed AS what percentage had suicidal idealisation
66%
44
Out of 347 newly diagnosed AS what percentage had sucidice plans or attempts
35%
45
What percentage of 347 people newly diagnosed with AS had depression
31%
46
Who suggested that Autistic traits and depression risk factors for suicidality
Cassidy 2014
47
What did the large population study of Sweden find
Adults with autism significantly more likely to die by suicide than the general population
48
What did the Swedish study find where the biggest risk factors for sucide
female, ASD without ID and depression - opposite to general population
49
What gender are mental health problems and suicidality highest in ASD
Women
50
What does a lack of social support in ASD incerase
Depression and suicidal ideation
| Hedley 2017
51
What do feelings of loneliness increase
Depression and thoughts of self harm
| Hedley 2018
52
What were the 2 factors Pelton believed effected capability for suicide
Thwarted beloning
| Perceived burdemoness
53
Are the two factors suggested by Pelton linked to ASD
ASD traits predict both factors
54
What is ASD associated with in young adults according to Pelton and Cassidy
Depression, suicidality, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness
55
What are the two areas that cause challenging measurement for ASD mental health diagnosis
Cognitive and behavioural
56
What are the cognitive aspects of ASD
Alexthymia
ToM
Literal interpretation
Reduced flexibility in thinking
57
What ASD symptoms overlap with depression criteria
Social withdrawal
Difficulties with sleep
Flat affect
Reduced eye contact
58
What does overlap of ASD and depression criteria lead to
Diagnostic overshadowing
59
Who identified a lack of ASD specific items
Stewart et al. 2006
60
What makes a high quality assessment tool
```
Structural validity
Internal consistency
Hypothesis testing
Criteron validity
Content validity
Reliability
```
61
Who conducted a systematic review of assessed quality of previous studies using research tool COSMIN
Cassidy 2018
62
What did Caassidy 2018 find
Only 1 low quality study assessing the criteria in ASD adults
63
What were Cassidy's 2018 conclusions
Weak evidence compared to general population
64
Gothman 2015 found mild-moderation correlation with other measures and what
Clinical diagnosis of depression
65
In the general population all the symptoms in the DSM come from where
One latent variable
66
Depression assessment measurement properties of mental health assessment tools are likely different in what
ASD compared to the general population
67
What is key in diagnosis
Content validity
68
What needs to be included in the depression assessment in ASD
to include autism specific items which capture unique presentation of depression in autism
69
What questions could be added to the ASD depression criteria
Sensory sensitivity and camouflaging
70
What hypothesis testing needs to be done on ASD
Check that autistic people with depression score higher than autistic people without depression
Compare structural validity and internal consistency of original to adapted measures
71
What criertion validity needs to be checked in depression assessment
Tricky – what is the ‘gold standard’ to compare?
| Could compare performance of original and adapted tools against clinical assessment
72
What is needed for depression
Adapted assessments needed and currently being developed
73
What are anxiety and worry associated with
```
Restlessness or feeling on edge
Easily fatigued, difficulties concentrating
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance
```
74
How does anxiety manifest itself in ASD
Associated with intolerance of uncertainty, RRBs and sensory processing
75
What could the associated anxieties affect the perception of
Anxiety in ASD
76
What type of difficulties are a core feature of ASD and RRbs and anxiety
Sensory difficulties
77
What is social anxiety defined as
Fear of general population negative evaluation
78
What does social anxiety of ASD refer to
Fear of violation of logical rules or unpredictability of social situations
79
What is the tool adapted for children with ASD being tested for anxiety
Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS)
80
What did Rodgers study find
Established a factor structure in anxiety ASD assessment
81
What is BPD
Bipolar disorder
82
How many criteria are required to be diagnosed with BPD
5/9
83
What are the symptoms that overlap between BPD and ASD
Social difficulties
Emotion regulation difficulties
Frequent suicidal gestures
84
What may someone with BPD present as
Can appear to have very unstable and chaotic lifestyle – frequent changes or inappropriate friendships
85
What factor of ASD may lead to difficulties diagnosing BPD
Camouflaging
86
What gender is BPD more commonly diagnose in
Females
87
What gender is ASD underdiagnosed with
Females
88
High prevalence of suicidality / self injury in particularly in what gender of ASD
Females
89
What may the under diagnosis of ASD in females and over diagnosis in BP be attributed to
Potentially lead to misdiagnosis of autistic females as BPD or miss co-occurring conditions
90
What percentage of BPD meet criteria from ASD
15%
91
What were patients with BPD and ASD at significant higher risks for
Suicide attempts
| Lower self image
92
What level of ASD traits do BPD have according to Dudas
Elevated
93
Those with combined BPD and ASD have the highest what
ASD traits
94
Given the similarities between BPD and ASD what is understandable
Misdiangosis
95
What defines an eating disorder
Persistent restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight
Either an intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behaviour that interferes with weight gain
96
What is body dysmorphia
Disturbance in the way one's body weight or shape is experienced undue influence of body shape and weight on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
97
What does someone with Anoreixa typical presented as
Significantly underweight
98
What does someone with bulimia present with
Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviour (for example, vomiting, laxative use, excessive exercise) in order to prevent weight gain
99
What does ASD primarily effect in the early development
Social function and fleixibility
100
When do Eds primarily affect eating behaviour
Onset in adolescent or adulthood
101
What gender are Eds more common in
Women, but ASD under diagnosed in males
102
ID more prevalent in what conditions, and less prevalent in what conditions
Prevalent in ASD
| Not prevalent in EDs
103
Who is concerned that ASD could increase risk of EDs
Gilberg 1983
104
Why does Gilberg think ASD increases EDs risk
recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviour (for example, vomiting, laxative use, excessive exercise) in order to prevent weight gain
105
What is the prevalence of EDs in ASD samples
8-37%
106
What does the precentages of EDs and ASD show
Supporting evidence for increased prevalence of autism in ED samples
107
Are the Eds behaviours being picked up on not truly autistic?
NO
108
What are the co-mobid symptoms with ASD and EDs
OCD, depression, anxiety and starvation
109
What does starvation do
Temporarily increases rigidity and obsession with food
110
How can EDs be mistake for ASD
Narrow obsessive with food interest, sensory difficulties eating , social difficulties certain order or touch, rituals)
111
Mandy 2015 used what standard of assessment in ASD ED research
Gold standard diagnostic assessment of 10 EDs
112
What did Mandy 2015 attempt to do
Disentangle superficial or real autism in those with ED
113
Out of the 10 EDs how many did Mandy 2015 find matched the criteria for ASD
5
114
Why did 5 EDs match the criteria for ASD
Difficulties since childhood prior to the onset of ED
115
What does Mandy's 2015 suggest
Not an effect of starvation
116
What is the most common area of concern for adults first diagnosed with ASD
Mental health
117
What did Raja 2014 find
Many psychiatrists however are not trained in autism or developmental conditions
118
What does few psychiarities being trained in ASD lead to
Autistic adults slipping through the net
119
Research showed that young ASDs struggled to get a MH diagnosis and treatment true or false
True
120
Why would ASD have difficulties evaluating mental health
Alexythymia
Reports of stigma
Sever obstacles
121
What can ASD effect in treatment
Ability to
engage with traditional
treatments
122
What type of therapy required high degree of emotional literay
CBT
123
What therapy would ASD find difficult
CBT
124
What makes ASD and anxiety hard to treat
High sensory sensitivity
125
What can ASD adults benefit from
Psychological therapy to treat mental health difficulties such as anxiety, but it takes much longer
126
What technology is being used to treat anixiety in ASD
VR
127
Who used VR to gradually expose individuals (9) to specific phobias
Maskey 2014
128
How many ASD did Maskey treat
8/9 able to tackle phobia
129
Do not assume that mental health problems are part of autism
| true or false
True
130
Do not assume that it is not possible to treat mental health conditions in autism
true or false
True
