Language Acquisition

Question 1

Who offered a behaviourist empiricist perspective on language acquisition

Answer 1

Skinner

Question 2

What are the 3 fundamental points of Skinner’s theory

Answer 2

S-R
Imitation
Reinforcement

Question 3

Who offered a linguistic nativist perspective on language aquisition

Answer 3

Chomsky

Question 4

What were Chomsky’s fundamental points

Answer 4

Language faculty
Universal Grammar
Innate language
Language switched on by experience

Question 5

Who proposed an interaction constructivist model

Answer 5

Piaget

Question 6

What is the name of the Connectionist model

Answer 6

Information Processing Model

Question 7

What does the Social Interaction Model suggest?

Answer 7

Children don’t exist as language learners themselves, its is the environment that helps build language.

Question 8

What did Peelle & Davis 2012 and Davis & Johnsrude 2007 study

Answer 8

The auditory characteristics of language

Question 9

Define prenatal listening

Answer 9

Noises from the outside world can be heard from inside the womb before birth including the rhythm of language

Question 10

What did Kisilevsky et al. (2003) find in prenatal listenting

Answer 10

That the fatal heart rate was higher when hearing the mothers voice than a strangers even before the baby is born

Question 11

Who identified differences in French and German babies cries 1-8 days old matching to the language

Answer 11

Mampe et al. 2009

Question 12

Define universal listeners

Answer 12

Discriminate all phonetic units of the worlds languages

Question 13

What is involved in early learning frames future

Answer 13

Neural commitment
Own language facilitated
(Kuhl 2004)

Question 14

Nazzi, Bertoncini, Mehler 1998 used what technique in 0-5 day old French babies

Answer 14

High amplitude sucking paradigm

Question 15

Nazzi, Bertoncini, Mehler 1998 found that babies were able to discriminate what langaues

Answer 15

English v Japanese

English & Dutch vs Italian & Spanish.

Question 16

Nazzi, Bertoncini, Mehler 1998 found that babies were unable to discriminate what languages

Answer 16

English vs Dutch

Question 17

Who identified that by 1 children no longer able to hear foerign language phonetic contrasts not in their own language

Answer 17

Kuhl, Kiritani, et al., 1997

Question 18

A tuning to your native language occurs at what age (Tsao Liu & Kuhl, 2004)

Answer 18

6m

Improves with language growth at 13m 16m and 24m

Question 19

Americana and Japanese children were found to have a blocking effect to sounds not present in their language, known as

Answer 19

Neural Commitment

Question 20

What are the challenges of learning speech sounds

Answer 20

Segmentation
Grouping
Stress, intonation, rhythm
Vowels
Boundaries
Phoneme contrasts

Question 21

How many different phonmenes are their in the English language

Answer 21

45

Question 22

How did Saffran 1996 found that childrens ability to segment speech is something special

Answer 22

8m old paired syllables as words, i.e patterns to segment speech.

Question 23

Why are children better at segmenting sounds than adults

Answer 23

Adults are influenced by memory whereas children only focus on the here and now

Question 24

What is the process of language acquisition

Answer 24

Speech input -> acoustic analysis -> phonological lexicon -> semantic lexicon

Question 25

What is involved in infant directed speech

Answer 25

``` Higher pitch Slow tempo Shorter phrases Hyper-articulated Clear category examples Simple syntax and semantics ```

Question 26

Infants preferring happy talk and depressed mothers showing less exaggerated prosody was found by

Answer 26

Singh Morgan and Best 2002

Question 27

What was found when comparing adult speech to foreigner directed speech and IDS

Answer 27

IDS higher pitch IDS comprises more positive affect FDS/IDS exaggerated vowels

Question 28

At what age do childnre learn non-words

Answer 28

6-7m

Question 29

Thiessen, Hill and Saffran 2005 found what effect on listening times for words and part words in IDS

Answer 29

Listening time was LONGER for words than part words in IDS

Question 30

What effect does IDS have on segmentation

Answer 30

Helps

Question 31

What does segmentation abilities at 6m predict

Answer 31

Later vocabulary

Question 32

What does IDS prosody help with

Answer 32

Learning sound-meaning associations at 17m

Question 33

Where does iDS exist

Answer 33

In the social environment

Question 34

At what age does preference for IDS stop

Answer 34

7-9m

Question 35

What are the points of controversy surrounding IDS

Answer 35

- Intentional reading and pattern finding - Directedness Intentionallity or Expertises. - Lack of IDS in some cultures

Question 36

Ochs 1985 and Heath 1983 and Haggan 1983 found no IDS in what cultuers

Answer 36

Samons rejected child centerdness. Trackton Mothers - didnt admit to it but did Kuwaiti but did

Question 37

Who found that interactive human element improves learning

Answer 37

O'Doherty et al.

Question 38

What parts of caregiver infant learning help with language aquistion

Answer 38

Conversation Joint Attention Communicative pointing Intentions

Question 39

Joint attention helps language development at what age

Answer 39

9-12m

Question 40

Communicative pointing helps with language development at what age

Answer 40

12m

Question 41

Intention of speech helps language development at what age

Answer 41

18m

Question 42

What are and when do Reflexive Vocalistions occur

Answer 42

0-2m | Crying, burping, fussing, vowel-like sounds - reflexes body makes noise of, learn that body can make noise.

Question 43

What are and when do Cooing Laughing occur

Answer 43

2-4m Coo, goo, back of mouth happening as the speak apparatus itself is growing have to be abel to use it, triggered by reflexive enjoyment start back of mouth control then moves forward.

Question 44

What is vocal play and when does it occur

Answer 44

4-6m | Variety, explore sounds

Question 45

What is canonical babbling and when does it occur

Answer 45

6m+ C-V syllables with adult-like timing, bababa, bagidubu, where you have learnt some aspects of native language and start being able to hear the timing of the adult language, by 6m speak like native language.

Question 46

What is jargon and when does it occur

Answer 46

10m+ Early speech, sounds, syllables, stress, intonation- conversation other ways start to use the words that they want by tiem get to protowords say word get something by chance make new sound than scaffold to the next word

Question 47

What are protowords and when do they occur

Answer 47

12m+ Made up but resemble adult words, controlled, has meaning. People realise what it means, something that is frequent in their

Question 48

What is the process for babbling -> Word transition

Answer 48

``` Social feedback -> Hear and See speech -> Produce speech -> Sound and Tactile Feedback -> Social feedback ```

Question 49

At what age do childrenn manipulate language to fit with sounds in repertoire

Answer 49

18m

Question 50

At what age do children begin playing with sounds and demonstrate phonological awarness

Answer 50

2 years

Question 51

At what age do children show articualrly gesture development and grammar development

Answer 51

1-7 years

Question 52

At what age do children show an onset of K and rime / age / of cat, past tense

Answer 52

3 years

Question 53

At what age do children show similar start sounds and exposure to alphabet feeding phonological awarness

Answer 53

4 years

Question 54

At what age do children decode into phonemes with their vocab reaching 14, 000 words

Answer 54

6 years

Question 55

At what age do children develop grammar with vocab reaching 40,000 words

Answer 55

8-9 years