Language Acquisition Flashcards
Who offered a behaviourist empiricist perspective on language acquisition
Skinner
What are the 3 fundamental points of Skinner’s theory
S-R
Imitation
Reinforcement
Who offered a linguistic nativist perspective on language aquisition
Chomsky
What were Chomsky’s fundamental points
Language faculty
Universal Grammar
Innate language
Language switched on by experience
Who proposed an interaction constructivist model
Piaget
What is the name of the Connectionist model
Information Processing Model
What does the Social Interaction Model suggest?
Children don’t exist as language learners themselves, its is the environment that helps build language.
What did Peelle & Davis 2012 and Davis & Johnsrude 2007 study
The auditory characteristics of language
Define prenatal listening
Noises from the outside world can be heard from inside the womb before birth including the rhythm of language
What did Kisilevsky et al. (2003) find in prenatal listenting
That the fatal heart rate was higher when hearing the mothers voice than a strangers even before the baby is born
Who identified differences in French and German babies cries 1-8 days old matching to the language
Mampe et al. 2009
Define universal listeners
Discriminate all phonetic units of the worlds languages
What is involved in early learning frames future
Neural commitment
Own language facilitated
(Kuhl 2004)
Nazzi, Bertoncini, Mehler 1998 used what technique in 0-5 day old French babies
High amplitude sucking paradigm
Nazzi, Bertoncini, Mehler 1998 found that babies were able to discriminate what langaues
English v Japanese
English & Dutch vs Italian & Spanish.
Nazzi, Bertoncini, Mehler 1998 found that babies were unable to discriminate what languages
English vs Dutch
Who identified that by 1 children no longer able to hear foerign language phonetic contrasts not in their own language
Kuhl, Kiritani, et al., 1997
A tuning to your native language occurs at what age (Tsao Liu & Kuhl, 2004)
6m
Improves with language growth at 13m 16m and 24m
Americana and Japanese children were found to have a blocking effect to sounds not present in their language, known as
Neural Commitment
What are the challenges of learning speech sounds
Segmentation Grouping Stress, intonation, rhythm Vowels Boundaries Phoneme contrasts
How many different phonmenes are their in the English language
45
How did Saffran 1996 found that childrens ability to segment speech is something special
8m old paired syllables as words, i.e patterns to segment speech.
Why are children better at segmenting sounds than adults
Adults are influenced by memory whereas children only focus on the here and now
What is the process of language acquisition
Speech input -> acoustic analysis -> phonological lexicon -> semantic lexicon
What is involved in infant directed speech
Higher pitch Slow tempo Shorter phrases Hyper-articulated Clear category examples Simple syntax and semantics
Infants preferring happy talk and depressed mothers showing less exaggerated prosody was found by
Singh Morgan and Best 2002
What was found when comparing adult speech to foreigner directed speech and IDS
IDS higher pitch
IDS comprises more positive affect
FDS/IDS exaggerated vowels
At what age do childnre learn non-words
6-7m
Thiessen, Hill and Saffran 2005 found what effect on listening times for words and part words in IDS
Listening time was LONGER for words than part words in IDS
What effect does IDS have on segmentation
Helps
What does segmentation abilities at 6m predict
Later vocabulary
What does IDS prosody help with
Learning sound-meaning associations at 17m
Where does iDS exist
In the social environment
At what age does preference for IDS stop
7-9m
What are the points of controversy surrounding IDS
- Intentional reading and pattern finding
- Directedness Intentionallity or Expertises.
- Lack of IDS in some cultures
Ochs 1985 and Heath 1983 and Haggan 1983 found no IDS in what cultuers
Samons rejected child centerdness.
Trackton Mothers - didnt admit to it but did
Kuwaiti but did
Who found that interactive human element improves learning
O’Doherty et al.
What parts of caregiver infant learning help with language aquistion
Conversation
Joint Attention
Communicative pointing
Intentions
Joint attention helps language development at what age
9-12m
Communicative pointing helps with language development at what age
12m
Intention of speech helps language development at what age
18m
What are and when do Reflexive Vocalistions occur
0-2m
Crying, burping, fussing, vowel-like sounds - reflexes body makes noise of, learn that body can make noise.
What are and when do Cooing Laughing occur
2-4m
Coo, goo, back of mouth happening as the speak apparatus itself is growing have to be abel to use it, triggered by reflexive enjoyment start back of mouth control then moves forward.
What is vocal play and when does it occur
4-6m
Variety, explore sounds
What is canonical babbling and when does it occur
6m+
C-V syllables with adult-like timing, bababa, bagidubu, where you have learnt some aspects of native language and start being able to hear the timing of the adult language, by 6m speak like native language.
What is jargon and when does it occur
10m+
Early speech, sounds, syllables, stress, intonation- conversation other ways start to use the words that they want by tiem get to protowords say word get something by chance make new sound than scaffold to the next word
What are protowords and when do they occur
12m+
Made up but resemble adult words, controlled, has meaning. People realise what it means, something that is frequent in their
What is the process for babbling -> Word transition
Social feedback -> Hear and See speech -> Produce speech -> Sound and Tactile Feedback -> Social feedback
At what age do childrenn manipulate language to fit with sounds in repertoire
18m
At what age do children begin playing with sounds and demonstrate phonological awarness
2 years
At what age do children show articualrly gesture development and grammar development
1-7 years
At what age do children show an onset of K and rime / age / of cat, past tense
3 years
At what age do children show similar start sounds and exposure to alphabet feeding phonological awarness
4 years
At what age do children decode into phonemes with their vocab reaching 14, 000 words
6 years
At what age do children develop grammar with vocab reaching 40,000 words
8-9 years
