Emotional Development Flashcards
What is emotional awareness
Being aware of ones own internal emotional states
Reacting to emotions of others
Being sensitive to effects of self on others
Adhering to social conventions
Regulating our own emotions
Coping with negative emotions
Why is emotional awareness important
So that we give the appropriate emotional expression, understanding and empathy for effective communication and socialisation
What would be difficult without emotional awareness
Long lasting relationships and fit in social situations
What emotional difficulties does someone with ASD suffer with
Emotion understanding, expression and recognition difficulties
What do the emotional difficulties in ASD lead to
Difficulty with social functioning and relationship formation
What is alexithymia
Difficulties in effectively describing one’s own internal emotional experience associated with difficulties in empathy
What were the basic / primary emotions that Darwin suggested in 1872
Happiness, anger, disgust, sadness, fear and surprise
What is the general agreement about positive emotions and when they are first expressed
General agreement that positive emotions are expressed in response to positive events at a young age
What type of emotion is there less agreement on when it develops
Negative emotion expression which matches underlying states
Who found that infants as young as 12 days old copy facial expressions
Meltzoff and Moore 1977
At how many days did Meltzoff and Moore 1977 and babies copy facial expressions
12
At what age can infants discriminate between the emotional expression of others according to Cannon 1988
4-5 months
What did Haviland and Lelwicka 1987 find
10 week olds response with happy angry facial expressions when their mothers are happy or angry
Who conducted the study were babies crawled over the visual cliff box
Gibon and Walk 1960
What did Gibbon and Walk 1960 have the mothers do as the baby crawled over the box
1/2 happy if near edge
1/2 angry if near edge
What was the take away conclusion from Gibon and Walk 1960
That babies use social referencing
Is there evidence for innate expressions and understating of emotions early in development
Yes
What is appropriate expression and understanding of others emotions important for
Communication
What are the two types of empathy
Affective empathy
Cognitive empathy
Define affective empathy
Ability to react implicitly to others emotions; automatically feel distressed yourself.
Define cognitive empathy
Ability to understand others emotions and where they occur; ToM
What level of empathy do those with ASD have
Lack cognitive empathy
Dont lack effective empathy
What condition has a lack of affective empathy
Psychopathy
What did Dunn 1988 find out about empathy
Toddlers attempt to comfort siblings in distress
Deliberate teasing and hurting
What did Dunns 1988 findings suggest
Todlers have a basic understanding of there ability to affect the emotional states of others
When is emotional knowledge acquired
1st and 2nd years
What does emotional knowledge have to become
Mentalistic
Who believed that emotional knowledge was the first concept to be integrated into a Childs theory of mind
Wellman 1990
When do children start to talk about emotions
2 years
What does conversations about emotions result in
Quick accumulation of knowledge
By what age do children ask questions about mental states and emotions
Age 3
When do children fully appreciate the link between emotions and interval states
6 ish years
What do 5 year olds have a basic understanding of with regards to emotion
The relationship between situations and emotions - but only basic ones (those obviously related to facial expressions
What is an understanding of less physically obvs emotions dependent on
Conversation
Describe mixed feelings
Certain situations result in emotional ambivalence
What did Harter 1983 get children to do
Asked children if it would be possible to experience two emotions simultaneously and describe example situations
What did Harter 1983 find with regards to mixed feelings
6 Years – Only those in which one emotion followed another
8 years – Situations that would give rise to two emotions of the same valence (e.g. sadness and anger)
10 years – Acknowledge the possibility of feeling two opposing emotions
Who reversed Harter 1983 study and found the same results
Meerum Terwogt 1986
Why do children acknowledge mixed feelings
Early ToM based on simple perceptions of cause and effect relationships between events and emotional reactions
When presented with conflicting emotional and situational cues, what do young pre-schoolers base judgements on
Facial expressions alone
They are unaware of the conflcit
When does the biases of facial expressions when dealing with conflicting emotions occur
Bias decreases with age
Who found that children base conflicting emotional cues on facial expressions
Gneep 1983
What do children become aware of that helps understand emotions
Display rules
What do display rules refer to
Display rules refer to when we need to put on a socially desirable response and suppress an undesirable response
What is needed to understand display rules
Emotional understanding and empathy
but also emotional regulation and inhibition
What does the unwanted gift paradigm test
Children ability to pretend to open gifts they dont like
With children 3-5 years in the unwanted gift parading what did Kieras et al. 2005 find
Measures of effortful control:
slowing down motor responses
suppress on initiate motor responses
To pass displays rules what do children age 4 and 6 need
Inhibition of prepotent response and emotional regulation
With display rules what effect remained after controlling for age and verbal ability
Emotional regulation and inhibitory control related
According to Carlson 2007 executive control of attention action and emotion are skills that develop when
Preschool
What do ToM refer to
Ability to understand others emotional and mental states, and use these to predict behaviour
What has been found to be important for controlling theory of mind tasks
Inhibitory control
What is ToM important for
Emotional regulation and social skills
Who suggests the strategies we are dependent on when dealing with negative emotions
Lazarus and folkman 1984
What were the coping behaviours Laraus 1984 suggested
Problem focused
Emotion focused
What does the problem focused strategy for negative emotions work
Aims to remove the actual problem
What does the emotion- focused strategy attempt to do
Aim to cope with the resultant emotion
Who suggested that there are primary and secondary coping strategies
Rotherbaum et al. 1982
According to Rotherbaum 1982 what order do we use the strategies
Problem solving first
If these fail then emotion focused strategies are used
For some coping behaviours what strategy can we see won’t work
Problem solving
Sometimes we forcesee negative repercussions of using what method
Problem solving methods
When did Brand and Weisz 1988 suggest primary coping strategies are used
6 years
What strategies do 6 year olds deal with
Aviodance
Asking help of others
Direct behavioural intervention
When do children use secondary strategies
10
Why are secondary strategies learnt later
Social factors
What do problem solving strategies effect
Behaviours
What do emotion focused strategies depend on
The recognition of emotions as mental phenomena (you can cognitively reappraise situations so as to affect your emotional responses)
When does a development of a mentalitist understanding occur
4
Once a mentalistic understanding of emotions developed what needs to happen
Re-appraise their understanding of emotions
What emotions are dependent on social norms
Guilt
Pride
Shame
Where do reflexive emotions result from
Our comparisons with social norms
What functions do shame and guilt serve
Important intra and inter personal functions
What do shame and guilt foster according to Fergusson 1998
Self-improvement and strengthen social relationships
When are real shame and guilt first felt
When the social norms are internalised at around 8
Do older children appreciate the possibility of people faking their emotions
Yes
Is recognising fake emotions a cognitive discovery or observation skill
Cognitive discovery
When does the deliberate concealment of emotions begin
7
What is masking emotions based on
A developing appreciation of the social consequences of the expression of some emotions
What are the individual differences Maltesta and Wilson 1988 found
Surfeit bias- a certain emotion is over used by an individual
Deficiency bias- under use of a specific emotion
Where does individual difference of emotion come from
Temperament Goldsmith 1993
What did Kagan 1994 believe uninhabited children demonstrated
More positive emotions
What did Kagan suggest inhibited children retain
Their temperamental style depends on environmental factors (and their resultant emotional awareness)
Who did Magai 1995 beloved was important in ids emotionally conduct
Parents
Why did Magai 1995 think parents were important in ids emotional conduct
Socialisation of emotions & the development of a full emotional repertoire
Empathy skills
What did Magai 1995 think were contained emotions
Guilt
Shame
What was a key factor in ids emotional conduct according to Magai 1995
Imitation
Who studied parental depression
Troncik 1987
What did Cummings 1991 find
Anger in children that witness angry confrontations between parents
What do TD children develop the ability to do
Recognise and react appropriately to others emotions
Understand and manipulate others thoughts and emotions
Empathy and ToM important for socialization and communication
Understand complex emotions and masking
Regulate their emotions and show appropriate emotions in social situations (display rules)
Important role of EF in this and ToM
Develop coping strategies for dealing with negative emotions
Important for resilience in later life
What is the triad of impairments in ASD
Socialisation
Communication
Imagination / RRBs
What difficulties do ASD children have with emotion
Difficulties recognising and responding appropriately to the emotions of others part of diagnostic criteria
What is alexythymia
difficulty describing own internal emotional experiences
Is alexythymia common in ASD
Yes
Who questioned whether there is an overlap of symptoms between ALT and ASD
Bird 2010
What would the effects be of not understanding and describing one’s own internal emotional experiences?
Isolation
Evidence for emotion recognition difficulties in ASD is mixed true or false
True
Who suggested that complex dynamic emotions are more likely to reveal difficulties
Risko 2012 Harms 2010
What do individuals with ASD tend not to do
Integrate facial features, Pelphrey 2002
What do ASD have difficult processing
Emotion blends
What did Ashwin 2006 find
ASD poorer than TD at complex emotion processing
But follows trend of easy and harder emotions - surprise, sad, angry, disgust, fear
What justifies a non naturalistic emotion
Black and white pictures Posed or artificially blended Lack social context No dynamic cues No verbal cues
What did Cassidy 2015 and Speer 2007 find differed depending on stimuli
Eye movements and recognition
Who found that ASD children rely more on verbal content than other cues
Golan 2008
What do not occur in isolation
Emotions and behaviour
What does being aware of emotions and when they are appropriate help with
Understanding behaviours that have already happened
What is a strength of the Jane Interview task
Other ToM only ask to predict behaviour not can you make sense of the behaviour
What do ASD have difficulty understanding
What behaviours are appropriate in different social situations (Baron- Cohen et al., 1999; Loveland et al., 2001)
What situations will cause complex emotions:
Jane will be surprised on opening the empty box of coco pops
What dont ASD have difficultly understanding
situations which cause basic emotions such as happiness and sadness:
having a birthday party vs grazing a knee (Baron-Cohen et al., 1993)
To be able to retrodicitive mindreading for positive negative emotions or masking what is required
An understanding of the link between emotion and behaviour
Recognise and attribute a correct emotion
Can adults with ASD understand what emotions are appropriate to each situation
Yes
On retroactive mind reading how do adult ASD perform
They make congruent emotion and gift inferences (e.g. positive for chocolate, masked for home-made)
- Success in recognising others complex emotions
What do adults with ASD struggle with in emotion
Complex emotion recognition not understanding
Who found that ASD adults have difficulty successfully working out what happened to someone from responses
Pillai
Cassidy
What do ASD adults learn
What emotions are appropriate in different situations
What peristis into adulthood for ASD
Difficulties successfully recognising complex emotions
What type of atypical development is part of ASD diagnosis criteria
Emotional
What are the atypical emotional criteria for ASD
Lack of emotional expression (flat affect)
Inappropriate facial expression to situation (e.g. laughing inappropriately)
Do neurotypical people find autistic people more difficult to mind-read than non-autistic people?
NT worst at reading ASD than other NT
In Sheppard 2016 how did NT rate ASD and NT expression
Similarly
In Sheppard 2016 what did NT participants give different explanations for
NT and ASD reactions
What is the impact of atypical emotional expression in ASD
Autistic people also have difficulty successfully recognising others emotions, interpreting and predicting others behaviour, and responding appropriately
Are ASD considered less readable
yes
What is the overall impact of atypical emotion expression according to Milton 2012
Double empathy problem
Who found that NT peers are less likely to want to interact with autistic people based on a brief sample of behaviour
Sasson 2017
Did Sassons findings change with exposure or age adult/child
No
How did NT participants rate ASD after 60s clip for reality show
NT participants rated autistic participants as less favourable overall
How were ASD rated by NT in the video
Rated as more awkward, less attractive, and less inclined to hang out
What are the potential impacts of double empathy
social isolation
Loneliness
Those with high autistic traits more likely to experience thwarted belongingness, lack of social conntection
What is double empathy associated with
Depression and self harm
Research yet to explore direct impact of double empathy on mental health in ASD …
True or false
True
What is common in ASD
Irritability, aggression, self-injury, suicidal gestures, anxiety and impulsivity
What do the common feelings and actions of ASD suggest
Difficulties with emotional regulation
What are the underlying factors of poor emotional regulation
Less goal directed and more internally driven responses
Poor problem solving, rigidity, impaired ToM
Sensory hyper-responsivity, sensorimotor lecture
Different presentation of co-occurring mood disorders sign or symptom of anxiety or depression
What is the impact of ER difficulties in ASD
Reduced resilience
What counters the potential impact of ER difficulties in ASD
Children with ASD did not score lower on emotional intelligence (EI) or resilience than TD children
What is emotional intelligence correlated with in ASD
Resilience
What is emotional development key for
developing social and communication skills, inhibitory control key related factor, important with emotional regulation
What is key in the ability of emtotional regulation
Inhibitory control
What could explain the social difficulties and increased vulnerability to mental health problems
ASD have difficulty with a number of aspects of understanding, recognising, attributing, controlling and expressing emotions
What is key in this filed
Further research
