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AP Psych masterlist > Sensation+perception > Flashcards

Sensation+perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptions and nervous system get and show stimulus energies from our environment.

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2
Q

perception

A

organizing and interpreting sensory information, allowing us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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3
Q

top-down vs bottom-up processing

A

top-down: stimulus –> perception/interp of stim, bottom up: preconcieved notions shape interpretation of stimulus

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4
Q

absolute threshold

A

the lowest amount of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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5
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) against background stimulation (noise)

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6
Q

subliminal

A

below your absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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7
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 505 of the time- we experience this as the just noticeable difference

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8
Q

Weber’s law

A

the principle that says to be perceived as different, to stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

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9
Q

sensory adaptation

A

brain no longer attends to a constant stimulus, even if you think about it you can’t sense it (you hair on your head, unless you move)

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10
Q

sensory habituation

A

brain gets used to the stimulus and ignores it, but can still perceive it if given conscious thought (you stop paying attention to a fan, but you can still hear whether it is on or off if asked)

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11
Q

sensory accommodation

A

body changes to adjust to stimulus- pupils dilate to accomodats more light

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12
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy to another

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13
Q

energy senses

A

perceive energy- sight (light), hearing (sound waves), touch (pressure)

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14
Q

chemical senses

A

detect chemicals- smell and taste

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15
Q

feature detectors

A

individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which detect certain types of stimuli, like movements, shape, and angles,

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16
Q

parallel processing

A

multiple specialized cells provide a complete image by combining sensations of color, shape, shading and movement

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17
Q

trichromatic theory

A

AKA Young-Helmholtz theory. retina contains red, blue and green cones, combining cones creates other colors. based on color theory (all=white, none=black)

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18
Q

opponent-processing theory

A

visual information comes in pairs (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black), explains afterimages

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19
Q

cornea

A

protective lens covering the eye, helps focus light reflection onto retina

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20
Q

iris

A

colored muscle in eye that adjusts light intake

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21
Q

pupil

A

small adjustable opening in the eye that determines how much light is let in

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22
Q

lens

A

focuses incoming light rays in the eye

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23
Q

retina

A

multilayered tissue on inner surface of the eye

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24
Q

fovea

A

point of central focus in the eye

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25
Q

optic nerve

A

carries information from the eye to the brain

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26
Q

blind spot

A

due to a lack of receptor cells in the eye

27
Q

rods

A

enable black+white vision, peripheral vision, perceiving motion, low light

28
Q

cones

A

enable color vision, fine details, work best in well-lit conditions

29
Q

pinna

A

outer lobe of ear

30
Q

auditory canal

A

channel in outer/middle ear that channels sound waves to the eardrum

31
Q

tympanic membrane

A

aka eardrum, vibrates with received sound waves, jostles the hammer, anvil and stirrup (bones of the inner ear)

32
Q

cochlea

A

filled with fluid, gets jostled by the hammer, anvil, and stirrup due to incoming sound waves

33
Q

cilia

A

fine hair inside the cochlea on the basilar membrane that sway due to the movement of fluid as the cochlea vibrates with sound waves, sending nerve impulses through the auditory nerve

34
Q

amplitude

A

the height of each wave
hearing: loudness- tall=loud, short=soft
sight: intensity/brightness- tall=bright, short=dull

35
Q

wavelength

A

the distance of one peak of the wave to another
hearing: pitch- short=high, long=low
sight: hue- short=blue (cinderella’s mice), long=reddish

36
Q

place theory

A

we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane- recognizing the location of the neural signal = recognizing pitch.
explains high pitched sounds

37
Q

frequency theory

A

the brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve. rate of neural impulses=frequency.
explains low pitched sounds

38
Q

Nerve deafness aka sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or the auditory nerves. cochlear implants can translate sounds into electrical signals to convey sound to the brain

39
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea, sound cannot get through to the inner ear

40
Q

vestibular sense

A

the sense of the head’s (and thus the body’s) movement and positions- sense of balance. managed by the semicircular canals and the vestibular sacs containing fluid in the inner ear.

41
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

sensing position+movement of individual body parts

42
Q

gate-control theory

A

spinal cord acts as a “gate” that opens or closes to feel or stop pain. the gates are opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up the small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. not all pain felt equal, because gates not always same status. body focuses on current/recent, sharp, and wide pain.

43
Q

bipolar cells and ganglion cells

A

neurons that help transmit visual info to the brain.
light enters through receptor cells, activates bipolar cells, activates ganglion cells, info carried through optic nerve to brain

44
Q

synesthesia

A

sensory interactions- tasting color or sounds

45
Q

gestalt

A

tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

46
Q

figure and ground

A

organization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

47
Q

grouping principles

A

tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
- proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, connectedness

48
Q

monocular cues

A

only need one eye to see (relative size, interposition, relative clarity, texture gradient, relation motion, linear perspective, relative height, relative brightness)

49
Q

relative size

A

we perceive objects that cast a smaller retinal image to be farther away

50
Q

interposition

A

closer objects block distant objects

51
Q

relative clarity

A

hazy=distant object

52
Q

texture gradient

A

fine textures signals an increasing distance (lack of detail=indistinct=far)

53
Q

relative motion

A

objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in an opposing direction to those objects that are farther away

54
Q

relative height

A

higher up on paper= farther

55
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge in the distance, more convergence=farther away

56
Q

relative brightness

A

nearby objects reflect more light onto our eyes than more distant objects, dimmer object seems farther.

57
Q

binocular cues

A

require two eyes to see (retinal disparity, convergence)

58
Q

retinal disparity

A

images from your two eyes differ in perspective, the brain puts the two images together- works better for close up objects- allows 3D perception with 2D pictures

59
Q

convergence

A

neuromuscular cues- muscles tell brain where pupils are pointed (straight ahead=farther, inward=closer), works better with close up objects

60
Q

phi phenomenon

A

when lights flash at a certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion.

61
Q

motion perception

A

objects traveling towards us grow in size, vise versa

62
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change- we assume environment has changed, not the object
(color, shape, size, lightness)
perceive familiar objects as having consistency in different contexts

63
Q

context effects

A

expectations based on situations, visual cues, and music- influences perception

64
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. what you perceive is based on context from your life+earlier thoughts

AP Psych masterlist (16 decks)

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