Personality Flashcards
psychodynamic approach
thoughts and emotions are because of unconscious motives and conflicts
trait approach
personality is determined by characteristics that are consistent over long periods of time
humanistic approach
people are good and want to become their best selves. Motivation for self-improvement pushes people to reach their potential
social cognitive approach
viewing behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context
behaviorist approach
human behavior correlates to one’s environment
Freud
saw psychological causes for physical disorders (psychoanalytic approach)
id
basic human drives, want what you want (conscious)
ego
reason and good sense (pre conscious)
superego
morals and values (unconscious)
psychosexual stages
Freud believed we go through stages and if we have a normal experience in each, we pass to the next one. Otherwise, we get fixated
the oral stage
year 1- attention from adults
oral fixation
clingy, dependent
anal stage
1.5-2.5 years- toilet training, self-control
anal retentive
too organized, need order
anal expulsive
messy, disorganized
phallic stage
3 years- differences in sexes, identify with opposite parent
oedipus complex
desire to kill father and marry mother
castration anxiety
boys feel guilty and fear their father would punish them for sexual desires for their mother
latency stage
4–>puberty: everything becomes hidden and still for a while
genital stage
puberty: gender identification, conflicts from earlier come out
defense mechanisms
in order to avoid the bad thoughts; the ego’s protective method of distorting reality
repression
forces/supress disturbing thoughts out of consciousness
regression
retreat to behavior of an earlier stage of development
projection
putting your impulses onto others
reaction formation
engage in behaviors that are the exact opposite of the id’s real urges
sublimation
socially acceptable ways to discharge energy
displacement
transferring the bad idea from an unsuitable object to a suitable one
denial
rejecting facts or their seriousness
Big 5 personality traits
CANOE (Consciousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion)
factor analysis
statistical method for identifying clusters of items that tend to be answered the same way
temperaments
a person’s nature shown in how their behave/react to people or situations
reciprocal determinism
social cognitive perspective; what you believe affects everything (trait determines environment)
self efficacy
belief in your capacity to execute behaviors necessary to perform
personal construct theory
people develop personal constructs about how the world works
locus of control
how much people perceive that they have control over their own actions as opposed to events in life
external locus
outside forces set our fate
internal locus
we set our own fates
learned helplessness
we learn that we have lack of control so we learn unhappiness
projective tests
examination of ambiguous stimuli (inkblots, enigmatic pictures)
Rorschach
10 ambiguous inkblot images
thematic apperception test (TAT)
has people explain what is happening in ambiguous scenes
MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
test used to diagnose disorders
self report inventories
test often used to assess traits
Neo-Freudian
accepted Freud, denied sex as being so important
Jung
Mysticism, believed in a collective unconscious; shared experiences of all humans leads to archetypes
Adler
social development; inferiority complex-constantly trying to compensate for failures
Horney
feminine development, womb envy
Rogers
formation of a healthy self concept (one founder of humanistic psychology)
Maslow
hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation
self actualization
concept by which one reaches their full potential
collectivist cultures
social behavior is guided by goals shared by a collective
individualist cultures
individual needs over the group as a whole
pleasure principle
driving force of the id that seeks immediate gratification
reality principle
assess the reality of the external world and act upon it accordingly; opposed to acting upon the pleasure principle
