Development Flashcards
conception
sperm+egg=fertilized cell
monozygotic vs dizygotic twins
identical (one egg split, 100% shared genes) vs fraternal (two eggs, 50% shared genes)
physical stages of development (in womb)
zygote (fertilized egg), embryo (attached to uterus wall), fetus (facial features +limbs)
teratogens
substances such as chemicals
and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. Sometimes causes facial deformities.
habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As
infants gain familiarity with repeated
exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
Novelty Preference Procedure
Novelty of an object is measured by how long infants gaze at it- preferring sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness (mother’s voice+smell = food nearby)
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
egocentrism
children struggle to perceive things from a different view- what I know is what you know
conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
theory of mind
people’s ideas about their own and others’ feelings, perceptions, and
thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. ability to see from someone else’s perspective
criticisms of piaget
development is more continuous, children pass through these stages earlier, and formal logic is a smaller part of cognition than Piaget thought
reflexes in babies
a simple, automatic response to
a sensory stimulus. helps baby get food and stay safe
rooting reflex
infant automatically turns its head and opens its moth in the direction of a touch on the cheek
sucking reflex
sucking vigorously in response to oral stimulation
grasping reflex
infant curls its fingers around objects
stepping reflex
causes newborns to start a stepping motion as they touch a surface
Babinski reflex
fanning and curling toes when foot is tickled/stroked
Moro reflex
physical reaction to being startled in response to a change in position of the head (throwing head back, extending arms and legs, crying, and then pulling arms and legs back in)
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. (roll over, sit up, crawl, walk- timing varies, order does not)
schema
a concept or framework that
organizes and interprets information
assimilating vs accommodating
new experience is sorted into existing schema vs schema is changed to fit new experience
metacognition
evaluating your own thinking (part of formal operation stage)
piaget’s stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor: object permanence + stranger anxiety
preoperational: egocentrism + pretend play
concrete operational: start of stage marked by development of theory of mind, mathematical transformations+conservation
formal operational: abstract logic +mathematical reasoning
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Harlow’s monkey experiment
Monkeys preferred cloth “mother” even when wire “mother” had bottle- showed child preference for contact comfort
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a
critical period very early in life
critical period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Lorenz’s ducks
Ducklings imprint on the first figure they see when they are born, hard to undo. Human children do not imprint, but become attached to familiar things.
authoritarian vs permissive vs authoritative vs neglectful parenting
authoritarian (“because I said so”): low acceptance, high control- children are hardworking but low self esteem
authoritative (flexible discussion): high acceptance, high control- kids have high self esteem, highest self reliance, highest social competence
permissive: high acceptance, low control- children are confident in younger years, but later struggle with authority and don’t know how to act in public
neglectful: low acceptance, low control: children lack attention and struggle with self esteem
fluid vs crystallized intelligence
fluid: ability to reason speedily and abstractly+learn new things, tends to decrease during late adulthood
crystallized: accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to stay the same or increase with age
Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning
Pre-conventional: focuses on self-interest (avoiding punishment or gaining concrete rewards)
Conventional: focuses on caring for others and upholding laws/social rules simply because they are the laws and rules
Post-conventional: abstract reasoning used to determine how actions are “right” because they flow from people’s rights or from self-defined, basic ethic principles
Ainsworth+ Strange Situation study
testing attachment in infants. observed the infants in a strange situation without their mothers. infants with secure attachment = sensitive, responsive mothers.
secure attachment
child feels safe, supported, connected. explores environment with parent present, distressed when they leave, goes back to playing when they return
insecure attachment
child feels ignored or unsupported. clings to parent and refuses to explore environment, cries when parent leaves, and is inconsolable even when they return)
avoidant vs anxious resistant vs anxious avoidant attachment
both insecure attachments
avoidant: child avoids mother and acts coldly to her
anxious resistant: child remains close to mother, and remains distressed despite comfort
anxious avoidant: cry but push mom away- in adulthood very self sabotaging, wants to leave before getting left
Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
trust vs mistrust: will i be reliably cared for?
autonomy vs shame/doubt: can i do things on my own?
initiative vs guilt: can i make my own decisions?
industry vs inferiority: what am i good at/ what makes me special?
identity vs role confusion: who am i?
intimacy vs isolation: who will i love and spend the rest of my time with?
generativity vs stagnation: will i do meaningful work?
integrity vs despair: did i live my life well and choose wisely?
primary vs secondary sex characteristics
primary: body parts for reproduction specific to sex
secondary: non-reproductive characteristics (body hair, deep voice in males, etc)
menarche vs menopause
first vs last/end of menstrual period
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
Vygotsky
emphasized development in social aspects of children. believed that by mentoring children and giving
them new words, parents and others provide a temporary scaffold from which children can step to higher levels of thinking (language -> thinking)
zone of proximal development
an area between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers- moderate tasks one cannot do by themselves but can accomplish with support
scaffolding
any assistance from others that allows one to expand their ZPD (modeling, small steps, fill in the blanks, etc). one help is provided, you can do it again yourself.
