Cognition: memory Flashcards
sensory memory
mental representation of how environmental events look, sound, feel, smell, and taste
echoic memory
brief sensory memory of audible sounds
iconic memory
brief sensory memory of visual images
eidetic memory
photographic memory; total recall; brief sensory memory of an image with high precision for a brief period of time
short term memory
remembering pieces of info for a short period of time (up to 30 seconds)
working memory
temporarily hold a limited amount of information at the ready for immediate mental use
long term memory
unlimited storage of information maintained for long periods, can even be for life
capacity of working memory
7 chunks, +/- 2
encoding
translating info so it can be stored
automatic processing
we can’t not encode some things
effortful processing
focus on it to learn it
storage
how information is kept
maintenance rehearsal
repeating it over and over again until it can be stored
elaborative rehearsal
relate info to something you know
long term potentiation
long lasting increase in synaptic efficiency following high frequency stimulation
retrieval
getting info out of stored memory and using it
context dependent memories
rely on a specific place to be accessed
state dependent memories
rely on emotional or mental state
mood congruent memory
rely on their particular mood
flashbulb memory
remember a scene exactly as it was like a picture
episodic memory
remember a specific episode (autobiographical)
semantic memory
info we just know (general knowledge)
procedural memory
performance of difference actions and skills
explicit memories
declarative; memories we know we have and can DECLARE (facts, general knowledge, experiences)
in hippocampus
implicit memories
non-declarative; no conscious recall, skills, conditioning
in cerebellum
prospective memory
remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention
decay
fading away from memories
infantile amnesia
no episodic memories before age of 3
source amnesia
remembering the correct event, but the wrong context
retrograde amnesia
forgetting the past
anterograde amnesia
inability to make new memories
organic amnesia
damage to hippocampus/place in brain where the memory is stored
accident, disease
inorganic amnesia
amnesia due to a traumatic experience, accident
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
amnesia related to long term alcohol abuse
HM
seizure surgery caused by severe anterograde amnesia
retrieval cues
aspects of physical and cognitive environment which help recall
proactive interference
old info disrupts new
retroactive interference
new info disrupts old
recognition
identifying info that has been encountered before
recall
bringing something back to mind
relearning
learning again what has been forgotten
repression
the mind pushes away info as a defense mechanism
serial position effect
tendency to remember info that is at the beginning or end of a series
primacy effect
remember the first things we hear
recency effect
remember the most recent things we hear
deep processing
cognitive processing of a stimulus that focuses on meaningful properties
shallow processing
cognitive processing of a stimulus that focuses on memorization, repetition, rereading, highlighting
mnemonics
memory devices that help recall large pieces of info
method of loci
mnemonic device in which someone imagines a physical location (mental images associated with specific positions/locations)
peg-word system
mnemonic strategy to remember lists where each item is associated with a number-word pair
