Learning

Question 1

Pavlov’s dogs

Answer 1

classical conditioning experiment that caused dogs to salivate when a bell was rung
US: food, UR: salivating, CS: bell, CR: salivating

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS/US)

Answer 2

something that creates a response automatically, doesn’t need to be learned

Question 3

Unconditioned response (UC/UCR)

Answer 3

what happens naturally when stimulus is presented- does not need to be learned

Question 4

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

something that gets a response that is learned

Question 5

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 5

what happens when the taught stimulus is presented

Question 6

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 6

produces no response (CS before conditioning)

Question 7

conditions for classical conditioning (2)

Answer 7

1. CS has to happen before the US
2. the time in between the two stimuli should be about 1/2 a secoond

Question 8

acquisition

Answer 8

period of when the learning is occurring in classical conditioning (when you pair US to CS to get CR)

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

when US does not follow CS, CR begins to decrease and eventually stops

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

after a rest period, the CR comes back- learning didn’t disappear, just suppressed

Question 11

discrimination

Answer 11

only responds to US in certain contexts, learns to differentiate

Question 12

generalization

Answer 12

apply learning broadly, not just to US

Question 13

second-order/higher-order conditioning

Answer 13

pair a new CS to the old one to get the same response (starbucks->happy, pulling into parking lot->happy)

Question 14

taste aversion- Garcia

Answer 14

when you eat something and it makes you sick, then when you see, smell, or even think of that food, you feel nauseous

Question 15

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 15

principle that behaviors followed by a good result are strengthened, while ones with bad results are weakened

Question 16

shaping

Answer 16

reward close enough behaviors, guide behavior towards target through successive steps

Question 17

negative vs positive punishment vs reinforcement

Answer 17

neg punish: take away desirable stimulus
pos punish: administer an aversive stimulus
neg reinforce: removal of a punishment or aversive stimulus
pos reinforce: reward given
pos: add, neg: eliminate, reinforce: increases behavior, punish: decreases behavior

Question 18

primary reinforcers

Answer 18

don’t need to be learned, everyone likes these rewards of behavior (food, drink, warmth)

Question 19

secondary reinforcers

Answer 19

need to be learned, can be traded for primary reinforcers (money, attention, grades)

Question 20

intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

Answer 20

in: desire to perform behavior for its own sake
ex: desire to perform behavior for a reward or avoid punishment

Question 21

overjustification effect

Answer 21

the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation, and become uninterested.

Question 22

continuous reinforcement

Answer 22

rewarding the behavior every time it happens- teaches behavior fastest

Question 23

fixed vs variable, interval vs ratio schedulers of reinforcement

Answer 23

fixed interval: after set amount of time passed
fixed ratio: after set number of performances
variable interval: after varying amounts of time passed
variable ratio: after varying number of performances
variable= teaches long term

Question 24

counter-conditioning

Answer 24

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and
aversive conditioning

Question 25

systematic desensitization

Answer 25

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.

Question 26

flooding

Answer 26

type of exposure therapy exposing someone directly to a stimulus or situation that produces maximum anxiety.

Question 27

aversive conditioning

Answer 27

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

Question 28

modeling

Answer 28

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 29

Bandura’s Bobo experiment

Answer 29

Children mimicked the violent actions of adult models (lesser effect with positive models). Also showed we are especially likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable

Question 30

mirror neurons

Answer 30

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Question 31

latent learning

Answer 31

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Question 32

instinctive learning

Answer 32

Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. even when trained, animals reverted to their biologically predisposed patterns.

Question 33

chaining

Answer 33

linking a series of individual behaviors into a sequence (ex. obstacle course)

Question 34

avoidance vs escape learning

Answer 34

avoidance: a response that enables subject to avoid an unpleasant stimulus altogether (preemptive)
escape: response that allows subject to leave an aversive situation (present)