Sensation and perception Flashcards
1
Q
sensation
A
refers to physical reality of signals that body picks up and transmits to nervous system
2
Q
perception
A
how nervous system interprets sensation
3
Q
sensory receptors
A
specialized dendrites of sensory neurons that respond to various physical stimuli by generating ap’s to the CNS
4
Q
nerves
A
bundles of axons
5
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ganglion
A
bundle of cell bodies in pns
6
Q
properites of sensation that are communicated
A
location
modality
intensity
duration
7
Q
exteroreceptors
A
respond to outside stimuli
8
Q
interoreceptors
A
respond to internal stimuli
9
Q
chemoreceptors of the body include
A
olfactary receptors and gustatory receptors
10
Q
what kind of chemicals do olfactory receptors respond to
A
volatile
11
Q
what kind of chemicals to gustatory receptors respond to
A
dissolved
12
Q
tastes recognized by gustatory receptors
A
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, savory
13
Q
photoreceptors
A
respond to specific wavelegths of electromagnetic radiation
14
Q
hair cells in ears
A
respond to pressure signals from sound waves
- also sense rotational acceleration
15
Q
endolymph
A
liquid of semicircular canal that moves in response to rotational acceleration and causes hair cells to move
16
Q
what kind of receptors are activated by touch
A
mechanoreceptors
17
Q
tactile corpuscles
A
mechanoreceptors that detect light touch
18
Q
merkel nerve endings
A
mechanoreceptors that respond to sustained pressure
19
Q
ruffini endings
A
mechanoreceptors that detect deep touch beneath skin surface
20
Q
pacinian corpuscles
A
mechanoreceptors that respond to highfrequency vibrations
21
Q
thermoreceptors
A
mechanoreceptor that responds to temperature
22
Q
nocioreceptors
A
mechanoreceptor that detects pain
- can also be a mechanoreceptor (capsacin)
23
Q
capsacin
A
chemical stimuli that activates nocioreceptors to detect spiciness
24
Q
baroreceptors
A
interoreceptors that detect changes in pressure in vessels
- type of mechanoreceptor
25
osmoreceptors
interoreceptor detects concentrations of solutes in blood and trigger responses
26
propioreceptors
in muscles, tendons, joints
sense position of body in space
27
kinestetic sense
ability of propioreceptors to dictate where the body is in space
28
proximal stimulus
what the sensory receptor detects (light waves)
29
distal stimulus
actual object that causes proximal stimulus (tree)
30
absolute threshold
the minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be picked up 50% of the time, this varies between people
31
threshold of concious perception
the minimum intensity of a stimulus that in order to be able to consciously perceive it
32
priming
exposure to one stimulus influences how somone responds to the next stimulus
33
just noticeable difference
smallest change in magnitude of a stimulus that can be perceived as being different
34
difference threshold
same as jnd, least amount of change in strength that can be indicated in a stimulus
- in terms of preportions between values
35
psychophysical discrimination
researchers test whether research subjects can tell the difference between two stimuli and then link those findings to the actual physical properties of stimuli being tested
36
webers law
for any sensory input, the JND will be a constant proportion of the original input
37
weber's law limitations
breaks down at extremes
- works well in range of day to day values `
38
webers law formula
∆I/I= K
- change in stimulus: ∆I
- original stimulus :I
- constant proportion : K
39
signal detection theory
method for determining a person's ability to differentiate between presense and absense of stimuli
- goal: maximize hits and correct rejections
40
hit
percieving a stimulus that is actually there
41
miss
stimulus is there but is not perceived
42
false positive
stimulus is perceived but not there
43
correct rejection
stimulus is not there and not percieved
44
sensory adaptation
our senses adjust to stimuli
- reduction in sensitivity
45
tonic receptors
adapt slowly and send action potentials as long as a stimulus is present
46
example of tonic receptors
nocioreceptors and stretch receptors
47
phasic receptors
send quick burst of action potential and then stop
48
bottom-up processing
natural progression from a single piece of sensory information and assembling that into a whole perception
49
top-down processing
assembles individual pieces of sensory information into a picture the brain has already created
50
what kind of processing is this?
a chef is blindfolded and tastes a carrot, which he mistakes for a clove of garlic
bottom-up
51
what kind of processing is done incorrectly here?
you lose your keys in the living room and miss them sitting on the couch several times as you scan the room over
top-down
52
binocular cues
visual info taken in by both eyes to percieve depth
53
monocular cues
visual info taken in by one eye to perceieve size, perspective, orientation, brightness
54
gestalt theory
the whole is greater than the parts
organisms perceive entire pictures from individual parts
55
principle of proxomity
we percieve objects/shapes that are close to eachother as forming groups
56
principle of similarity
objects that are similar in some way will be perceived as belonging to a group
57
principle of good continuation
humans tend to percieve two objects that intersect as singular uninterupted objects
58
principle of closure
infer a presence of complete shapes even when they are uncomplete
59
principle of symmetry
interpret symmetrical objects as part of a whole rather than assymetrical objects
60
law of pragnaz
german for concise and meaningful
- try to find meaningful ways to represent objects that we percieve as wholes
61
retina
contains millions of photoreceptors (rods and cones) and converts wavelengths into action potentials
62
photoreceptors of retina
rods and cones
63
cones
perceive color and fine detail
3 different types of cones that perceive different wavelengths of light
64
what shortwave length of light do cones detect
420 nm, blue
65
medium wavelength deteted by cones
530 nm, green
66
longest wavelength of light detected by cones
570 nm, red
67
where are cones located in the retina
center aka fovea and macula (sorrounds fovea)
68
rod function
sense black and white light and dim-light (night vision) , do not pick up on detail well
69
rhodopsin
pigment and photoreceptor protein of rods that are extremely sensitive to light
70
where are rods in the retina
outside of center, around perimeter and responsible for peripheral vision
71
lens
helps focus light on retina by changing shape via accomadation
72
cornea
light passes through and is focused on retina
- also protects eye from injury
73
accommodation
ability to adjust the focus of the eye by changing shape of the lens
74
dark adaptation
rods take awhile to activate after being in a bright lit area
75
what eye structure is contiguous with the external surface of the eye
cornea
76
which eye structure bisects the interior of the eye into two unequal components?
lens
77
iris
structure infront of the lens
78
pupil
hole in center of iris that allows light into eye
79
dilatir pupillae
muscle of iris that dialates pupil to allow more light
80
constrictor pupillae
muscle of iris that constricts pupil and prevents light
81
does the sympathetic nervous system dialate or constrict pupils
dialate
82
ciliary muscles
adjust the shape/curvature of the lens
83
anterior chamber of eye
contains aqueous humor
84
posterior chamber of eye
contains vitreous humor
85
choroid
dark vascular tissue beneath the retina that contains melanin and supplies retina with blood and absorbs excess light
86
what is the iris continuous with
the choroid
87
sclera
outermost layer of the eye that is contiguous with cornea and makes whites of eye
88
conjunctiva
thin protective layer of epithelium that lies in front of the cornea and sclera to keep eyes lubricated
89
bipolar cells
neurons that rods and cones synapse on
- distinct shape with single axon and single dendrite
- first step of light being integrated
90
ganglion cells
cells that bipolar cells synapse on within the optic nerve
91
horizontal cells
between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
- mediate interaction between rods/cones and bipolar cells
92
amacrine cells
mediate interaction between bipolar cells and ganglion cells in optic nerve
93
optic chiasm
where the optic nerves intersect
94
nasal sides
visual field interiorly facing the nose is flipped when perceived
95
temporal sides
perceived on actual side, not flipped
96
optic tract
bundle of axons carrying visual information, runs through the laterual ventricular nucleus
97
superior colliculus
controls visual startle response and visual cortex
98
magnocellular neurons
neurons of LGN that are large
- detect motion
99
parvocellular neurons
neurons of LGN that are small
- pick up changes in detail
100
motion parallax
objects up close to us move further across our visual field than objects that are farther away
-depth
101
feature detection
ability to detect basic stimuli like movement and shape
102
parallel processing
integrate simultaneous processing
103
serial processing
process one stimuli at a time
- more deliberate
104
sound waves
longitudinal waves
105
hair cells
contain stereocillia that poke out into the endolympth and sway of cilia opens ion channels that trigger influx of calcium and release neurotransmitters to cells of vestibulocochlear nerve
106
vestibuloconclear nerve
where neural signals are transmitted and sound is transduced
107
where are hair cells located
inner ear within the organ of corti
108
outer ear
earlobe,pinna , and auricle
- funnel incoming sound waves into external auditory canal
109
eardrum
aka tympanic membrane
dividng point between outer and middle ear
vibrates in response to sound waves
110
how does intensity of sound manifest
amplitude of the sound wave (louder = higher)
111
middle ear function
ossicles: bones of middle ear that amplify vibrations of the tympanic membrane and eustachian tube
112
middle ear bones
malleus , incus, stapes
113
stapes
connects to oval window (boundry of middle and inner ear)
114
eustachian tube
valve that equalizes pressure between middle ear and environment (why ears pop on airplane)
115
membranous labyrinth
sub structures of inner ear
contains endolympth
116
perilymph
liquid between bony and membranous labrynth
117
cochlea
3 layered structure responsible for hearing in inner ear
- inner and outer have perilymph
- middle has endolymph / organ of corti
118
place theory
brain infers info about the pitch of sound based on which hair cells send signals
119
vestibuloconchlear nerve receives input from what (aka auditory nerve)
hair cells in the organ of corti and passes onto auditory cortex of brain
120
vestibular sense
hair cells also account for balance and how we orient ourselves in 3d space via semicircular canals
121
semicircular canals
sense rotational acceleration and stimulation of hair cells detect orientation
- arranged perpendicular to eachother
122
vestibule
sense linear acceleration
utricleL acceleration in x plane
saccule: detects acceleration in y plane
123
otoliths
earstones that stimulate hair cells
124
somatosensation
touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movment, vibration
125
two-point threshold
minimum distance between two stimuli on skin that can be percieved as two distinct points
denser distribution of nerves- smaller two point threshold- more sensitive
126
homonoculus
visual demonstration of various sensitivity of skin in different areas of body
-scale with size proportional to nerve density
127
physiological 0
reference point of skin that varies between indivudals
128
gate theory of pain
body can turn off pain signals in the spinal cord depending on overall pattern of input
129
taste center
in thalamus and is sent to gustatory cortex
130
where are smells first processed
olfactory bulb
131
type 1 error
false positive in signal dectection theory
