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MCAT psych/soc > Sensation and perception > Flashcards

Sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

refers to physical reality of signals that body picks up and transmits to nervous system

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2
Q

perception

A

how nervous system interprets sensation

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3
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized dendrites of sensory neurons that respond to various physical stimuli by generating ap’s to the CNS

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4
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons

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5
Q

ganglion

A

bundle of cell bodies in pns

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6
Q

properites of sensation that are communicated

A

location
modality
intensity
duration

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7
Q

exteroreceptors

A

respond to outside stimuli

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8
Q

interoreceptors

A

respond to internal stimuli

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9
Q

chemoreceptors of the body include

A

olfactary receptors and gustatory receptors

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10
Q

what kind of chemicals do olfactory receptors respond to

A

volatile

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11
Q

what kind of chemicals to gustatory receptors respond to

A

dissolved

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12
Q

tastes recognized by gustatory receptors

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, savory

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13
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to specific wavelegths of electromagnetic radiation

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14
Q

hair cells in ears

A

respond to pressure signals from sound waves
- also sense rotational acceleration

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15
Q

endolymph

A

liquid of semicircular canal that moves in response to rotational acceleration and causes hair cells to move

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16
Q

what kind of receptors are activated by touch

A

mechanoreceptors

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17
Q

tactile corpuscles

A

mechanoreceptors that detect light touch

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18
Q

merkel nerve endings

A

mechanoreceptors that respond to sustained pressure

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19
Q

ruffini endings

A

mechanoreceptors that detect deep touch beneath skin surface

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20
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

mechanoreceptors that respond to highfrequency vibrations

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21
Q

thermoreceptors

A

mechanoreceptor that responds to temperature

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22
Q

nocioreceptors

A

mechanoreceptor that detects pain
- can also be a mechanoreceptor (capsacin)

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23
Q

capsacin

A

chemical stimuli that activates nocioreceptors to detect spiciness

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24
Q

baroreceptors

A

interoreceptors that detect changes in pressure in vessels
- type of mechanoreceptor

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25
Q

osmoreceptors

A

interoreceptor detects concentrations of solutes in blood and trigger responses

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26
Q

propioreceptors

A

in muscles, tendons, joints
sense position of body in space

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27
Q

kinestetic sense

A

ability of propioreceptors to dictate where the body is in space

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28
Q

proximal stimulus

A

what the sensory receptor detects (light waves)

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29
Q

distal stimulus

A

actual object that causes proximal stimulus (tree)

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30
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be picked up 50% of the time, this varies between people

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31
Q

threshold of concious perception

A

the minimum intensity of a stimulus that in order to be able to consciously perceive it

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32
Q

priming

A

exposure to one stimulus influences how somone responds to the next stimulus

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33
Q

just noticeable difference

A

smallest change in magnitude of a stimulus that can be perceived as being different

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34
Q

difference threshold

A

same as jnd, least amount of change in strength that can be indicated in a stimulus
- in terms of preportions between values

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35
Q

psychophysical discrimination

A

researchers test whether research subjects can tell the difference between two stimuli and then link those findings to the actual physical properties of stimuli being tested

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36
Q

webers law

A

for any sensory input, the JND will be a constant proportion of the original input

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37
Q

weber’s law limitations

A

breaks down at extremes
- works well in range of day to day values `

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38
Q

webers law formula

A

∆I/I= K
- change in stimulus: ∆I
- original stimulus :I
- constant proportion : K

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39
Q

signal detection theory

A

method for determining a person’s ability to differentiate between presense and absense of stimuli
- goal: maximize hits and correct rejections

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40
Q

hit

A

percieving a stimulus that is actually there

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41
Q

miss

A

stimulus is there but is not perceived

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42
Q

false positive

A

stimulus is perceived but not there

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43
Q

correct rejection

A

stimulus is not there and not percieved

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44
Q

sensory adaptation

A

our senses adjust to stimuli
- reduction in sensitivity

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45
Q

tonic receptors

A

adapt slowly and send action potentials as long as a stimulus is present

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46
Q

example of tonic receptors

A

nocioreceptors and stretch receptors

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47
Q

phasic receptors

A

send quick burst of action potential and then stop

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48
Q

bottom-up processing

A

natural progression from a single piece of sensory information and assembling that into a whole perception

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49
Q

top-down processing

A

assembles individual pieces of sensory information into a picture the brain has already created

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50
Q

what kind of processing is this?
a chef is blindfolded and tastes a carrot, which he mistakes for a clove of garlic

A

bottom-up

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51
Q

what kind of processing is done incorrectly here?
you lose your keys in the living room and miss them sitting on the couch several times as you scan the room over

A

top-down

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52
Q

binocular cues

A

visual info taken in by both eyes to percieve depth

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53
Q

monocular cues

A

visual info taken in by one eye to perceieve size, perspective, orientation, brightness

54
Q

gestalt theory

A

the whole is greater than the parts
organisms perceive entire pictures from individual parts

55
Q

principle of proxomity

A

we percieve objects/shapes that are close to eachother as forming groups

56
Q

principle of similarity

A

objects that are similar in some way will be perceived as belonging to a group

57
Q

principle of good continuation

A

humans tend to percieve two objects that intersect as singular uninterupted objects

58
Q

principle of closure

A

infer a presence of complete shapes even when they are uncomplete

59
Q

principle of symmetry

A

interpret symmetrical objects as part of a whole rather than assymetrical objects

60
Q

law of pragnaz

A

german for concise and meaningful
- try to find meaningful ways to represent objects that we percieve as wholes

61
Q

retina

A

contains millions of photoreceptors (rods and cones) and converts wavelengths into action potentials

62
Q

photoreceptors of retina

A

rods and cones

63
Q

cones

A

perceive color and fine detail
3 different types of cones that perceive different wavelengths of light

64
Q

what shortwave length of light do cones detect

A

420 nm, blue

65
Q

medium wavelength deteted by cones

A

530 nm, green

66
Q

longest wavelength of light detected by cones

A

570 nm, red

67
Q

where are cones located in the retina

A

center aka fovea and macula (sorrounds fovea)

68
Q

rod function

A

sense black and white light and dim-light (night vision) , do not pick up on detail well

69
Q

rhodopsin

A

pigment and photoreceptor protein of rods that are extremely sensitive to light

70
Q

where are rods in the retina

A

outside of center, around perimeter and responsible for peripheral vision

71
Q

lens

A

helps focus light on retina by changing shape via accomadation

72
Q

cornea

A

light passes through and is focused on retina
- also protects eye from injury

73
Q

accommodation

A

ability to adjust the focus of the eye by changing shape of the lens

74
Q

dark adaptation

A

rods take awhile to activate after being in a bright lit area

75
Q

what eye structure is contiguous with the external surface of the eye

A

cornea

76
Q

which eye structure bisects the interior of the eye into two unequal components?

A

lens

77
Q

iris

A

structure infront of the lens

78
Q

pupil

A

hole in center of iris that allows light into eye

79
Q

dilatir pupillae

A

muscle of iris that dialates pupil to allow more light

80
Q

constrictor pupillae

A

muscle of iris that constricts pupil and prevents light

81
Q

does the sympathetic nervous system dialate or constrict pupils

A

dialate

82
Q

ciliary muscles

A

adjust the shape/curvature of the lens

83
Q

anterior chamber of eye

A

contains aqueous humor

84
Q

posterior chamber of eye

A

contains vitreous humor

85
Q

choroid

A

dark vascular tissue beneath the retina that contains melanin and supplies retina with blood and absorbs excess light

86
Q

what is the iris continuous with

A

the choroid

87
Q

sclera

A

outermost layer of the eye that is contiguous with cornea and makes whites of eye

88
Q

conjunctiva

A

thin protective layer of epithelium that lies in front of the cornea and sclera to keep eyes lubricated

89
Q

bipolar cells

A

neurons that rods and cones synapse on
- distinct shape with single axon and single dendrite
- first step of light being integrated

90
Q

ganglion cells

A

cells that bipolar cells synapse on within the optic nerve

91
Q

horizontal cells

A

between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
- mediate interaction between rods/cones and bipolar cells

92
Q

amacrine cells

A

mediate interaction between bipolar cells and ganglion cells in optic nerve

93
Q

optic chiasm

A

where the optic nerves intersect

94
Q

nasal sides

A

visual field interiorly facing the nose is flipped when perceived

95
Q

temporal sides

A

perceived on actual side, not flipped

96
Q

optic tract

A

bundle of axons carrying visual information, runs through the laterual ventricular nucleus

97
Q

superior colliculus

A

controls visual startle response and visual cortex

98
Q

magnocellular neurons

A

neurons of LGN that are large
- detect motion

99
Q

parvocellular neurons

A

neurons of LGN that are small
- pick up changes in detail

100
Q

motion parallax

A

objects up close to us move further across our visual field than objects that are farther away
-depth

101
Q

feature detection

A

ability to detect basic stimuli like movement and shape

102
Q

parallel processing

A

integrate simultaneous processing

103
Q

serial processing

A

process one stimuli at a time
- more deliberate

104
Q

sound waves

A

longitudinal waves

105
Q

hair cells

A

contain stereocillia that poke out into the endolympth and sway of cilia opens ion channels that trigger influx of calcium and release neurotransmitters to cells of vestibulocochlear nerve

106
Q

vestibuloconclear nerve

A

where neural signals are transmitted and sound is transduced

107
Q

where are hair cells located

A

inner ear within the organ of corti

108
Q

outer ear

A

earlobe,pinna , and auricle
- funnel incoming sound waves into external auditory canal

109
Q

eardrum

A

aka tympanic membrane
dividng point between outer and middle ear
vibrates in response to sound waves

110
Q

how does intensity of sound manifest

A

amplitude of the sound wave (louder = higher)

111
Q

middle ear function

A

ossicles: bones of middle ear that amplify vibrations of the tympanic membrane and eustachian tube

112
Q

middle ear bones

A

malleus , incus, stapes

113
Q

stapes

A

connects to oval window (boundry of middle and inner ear)

114
Q

eustachian tube

A

valve that equalizes pressure between middle ear and environment (why ears pop on airplane)

115
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

sub structures of inner ear
contains endolympth

116
Q

perilymph

A

liquid between bony and membranous labrynth

117
Q

cochlea

A

3 layered structure responsible for hearing in inner ear
- inner and outer have perilymph
- middle has endolymph / organ of corti

118
Q

place theory

A

brain infers info about the pitch of sound based on which hair cells send signals

119
Q

vestibuloconchlear nerve receives input from what (aka auditory nerve)

A

hair cells in the organ of corti and passes onto auditory cortex of brain

120
Q

vestibular sense

A

hair cells also account for balance and how we orient ourselves in 3d space via semicircular canals

121
Q

semicircular canals

A

sense rotational acceleration and stimulation of hair cells detect orientation
- arranged perpendicular to eachother

122
Q

vestibule

A

sense linear acceleration
utricleL acceleration in x plane
saccule: detects acceleration in y plane

123
Q

otoliths

A

earstones that stimulate hair cells

124
Q

somatosensation

A

touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movment, vibration

125
Q

two-point threshold

A

minimum distance between two stimuli on skin that can be percieved as two distinct points
denser distribution of nerves- smaller two point threshold- more sensitive

126
Q

homonoculus

A

visual demonstration of various sensitivity of skin in different areas of body
-scale with size proportional to nerve density

127
Q

physiological 0

A

reference point of skin that varies between indivudals

128
Q

gate theory of pain

A

body can turn off pain signals in the spinal cord depending on overall pattern of input

129
Q

taste center

A

in thalamus and is sent to gustatory cortex

130
Q

where are smells first processed

A

olfactory bulb

131
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive in signal dectection theory

MCAT psych/soc (13 decks)

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