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MCAT psych/soc > biological basis of behavior > Flashcards

biological basis of behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

instinctual behaviors

A

hard-wired survival behaviors shaped by genetics that promote reporductive success. seen in humans and animals
- can also be learned

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2
Q

adaptive traits

A

traits that increase organism fitness

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3
Q

temperment

A

how individuals respond to stimuli from the world around them (behaviorally and emotionally)
- biologically shaped

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4
Q

hereditability

A

proportion of how much variation in a trait is due to genes alone
- hereditability of 1 means all variation is explained through genetics
- 0 means all variation of a trait is explained through envirnmental factors
- quantifies the relative impact of genes vs envirnmnet

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5
Q

monozygotic twins

A

100% same genome
identical twins

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6
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal/ non identical
share half a genome

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7
Q

gene expression

A

genes are expressed at varying levels due to needs of an organsism in a specific envirnment

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8
Q

epigenetics

A

changes to the genome that do not involve changing the nucleotides : methylation

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9
Q

methylation

A

adds methyl group to nucleotides –> C and will silence DNA/ shut down expression of genes

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10
Q

12 weeks of prengnacy mile stone

A

umbilical cord connects to placenta and major organ systems are formed

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11
Q

first trimester

A

where major structures are formed

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12
Q

placenta function

A

two way communication between fetus and mother
- envirnmental influence (smoking and drink)

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13
Q

patellar reflex

A

reflex in human knee. innate and involuntary

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14
Q

reflexes

A

hard-wired responses to stimuli

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15
Q

palmar grasp reflex

A

if you stroke a baby’s palm it will grab onto your fingers to try to hold your hand.

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16
Q

rooting reflex

A

baby reflex where they automatically search for an item that brushes against its mouth or cheek

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17
Q

sucking reflex

A

baby reflex where they automatically start making sucking motions when something grazes the top of its mouth

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18
Q

moro reflex

A

baby reflex where a baby extends its arms and legs and pulls them back it, then throws its head back and cries in response to sudden movement or loud noises

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19
Q

babinski reflex

A

when the bottom of a baby’s foot is stroked, the big toe bends up and the other toes fan out
*adult toes will curl down

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20
Q

when does stranger anxiety develop

A

7 months

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21
Q

when do babies walk and climb

A

1-2 yr

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22
Q

critical periods

A

experiences in early childhood that can imprint on a person and have implications on the entire lifetime

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23
Q

adolescence

A

transition from childhood to adulthood, broad term

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24
Q

puberty

A

refers specifically to biological changes that occur during adloescense , very long process

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25
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

pubic hair. body hair, breasts, hips widen, facial hair

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26
Q

telomeres

A

nucleotide sequences at the end of chromosomes that protect them from losing nucleotides during dna replication
- puts a limit on how often cells can divide

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27
Q

fluid intellegence

A

ability to solve new problems based on logic and reason

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28
Q

crystalized intellegence

A

recalling specific facts and information
remains stable with aging

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29
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones that act on other homrones, not specific body parts

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30
Q

hypothalamus

A

bridge between the nervous system and endocrine system. takes neural input and releases hormones
hormones travel down the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitart

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31
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

FLAT PeG
- made and secreted from AP

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32
Q

hormones of hypothalamus

A

GhRH GnRH TRH CRF

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33
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

how hormones get from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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34
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin and ADH
- made in hypothalamus and stored in PP
- recieves neural input
-

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35
Q

thyroid gland

A

controls thyroid hormone and metabolism

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36
Q

parathyroid glands

A

release parathyroid hormone
PTH increases osteoclast activty and increases calcuim levels in the blood

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37
Q

adrenal glands

A

cortex and medulla
cortex–> cortisol
medulla –> epinephrine and norepine (acute stress)

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38
Q

ovaries

A

estrogen

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39
Q

testes

A

testosterone

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40
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine contractions (positive feedback)
bonding and affection hormone

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41
Q

prolactin

A

induce lactation

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42
Q

melatonin

A

regulate circadian rythm

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43
Q

hunger hormone

A

grehlin
- acts on hypothalamus

44
Q

satiation hormone

A

leptin
- acts on hypothalamus

45
Q

neuropeptide y

A

stimulate appetite to increase food intake

46
Q

thyroid hormone

A

promotes metabolism
- need for neurological development

47
Q

neurons

A

functional unit of nervous system

48
Q

electrical potential of neuron

A

-70 mV

49
Q

depolarization threshold

A

-55 mV
- allows for action potential

50
Q

synapse

A

connection between neurons where neurotransmitters are passed

51
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

when a motor nueron synapses on a muscle and passes aCh

52
Q

reflex arcs

A

patellar reflex, simple neural pathways control reflexes

53
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry sensory information to the CNS
-afferent

54
Q

motor/efferent neurons

A

carry signals away from CNS

55
Q

acetylcholine

A

activates muscle contraction at NMJ

56
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter, depolarizes postsynaptic neurons
- most common neuron (90%)

57
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter that hyperpolarizes post synaptic neuron

58
Q

dopamine

A

addiction and euphoria
- motor functions (parkinsons)

59
Q

serotonin

A

mood, appetite and sleep regulator
- depression = low levels , use SSRIs to treat [

60
Q

endorphins

A

supress pain and produce euphoric response
- opoids mimick (pain killer)

61
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter for acute pain response - fight or flight

62
Q

agonsits

A

compounds that mimic neurotransmitters and bind to their sites to illicit same response

63
Q

antagonist

A

prevents neurotrasnmitter from exerting its effects

64
Q

CNS

A

spinal cord and brain

65
Q

PNS

A

nerves that shuttle info from CNS to the rest of the body
- divided into autonomic and somatic

66
Q

somatic pns

A

carrying out voluntary activities and movement
- efferent motor neurons that innervate muscle and sensory neurons

67
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

uncontrolled body activity divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

68
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight response
mobilize body resources to deal with an emergency
- slow digestion, increase pupil dilation, increase heart rate
- bronchioles dialate

69
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest
digestive tract muscles dialate and muscles constrict
promotes digestion, lacrimation, sexual activity

70
Q

enteric nervous system

A

communicates with cns to control digestion. acted by SNS and PSNS

71
Q

which peripheral nervous system is active during sexual arousal

A

parasympathetic

72
Q

which peripheral nervous system is active during orgasm

A

sympathetic

73
Q

brain divisions

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

74
Q

structures of the hindbrain

A

most basic evolutionary structures
1. cerebellum
2. medulla oblongata
3. pons

75
Q

cerebellum

A

makes coordinated movement and balenece happen
- in hindbrain

76
Q

medulla oblongata

A

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

77
Q

pons

A

sleep, respiration, breathing, balence, relay station

78
Q

midrbrain

A

motor control, walking, sleeping, temperature regulation
- inferior and superior colliculi for auditory and visual stimuli
- substantia nigra (dopamine - parkinsons)

79
Q

brain stem

A

contains reticular activation center that modulates arousal and alertness

80
Q

forebrain

A

diencephalon and telencephalon

81
Q

diencephalon

A

thalmus, hypothalmus, pineal gland, posterior pituitary

82
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebrum

83
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for sensory and motor input and regulates alertness/ arousal

84
Q

cerebrum

A

divided into 2 hemispheres

85
Q

limbic system

A

olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia , amygdala, nucleus accumbens
- structures involved in emotion, memory and motivation

86
Q

amygdala

A

episodic memory and emotion

87
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

reward , motivation, and learning
-addiction

88
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary movement, memory processing, planning, motivation and attention

89
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory processing

90
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual porcessing

91
Q

temporal lobe

A

language and attaching meaning to visual memories

92
Q

wernikes area

A

comprehension of speech
- temporal lobe

93
Q

brocas area

A

speech production
frontal lobe

94
Q

lateralization

A

left and right hemispheres have diff functions

95
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

protects the brain and spinal cord

96
Q

where are motor nerves located on the spinal cord

A

ventral side (front)

97
Q

where are sensory nerves located on the spinal cord

A

dorsal side

98
Q

SAME DAVE

A

sensory neurons are affereent
motor neurons are efferent
dorsal side is for afferent
ventral side is for efferent

99
Q

cervical spine

A

top of spinal cord, contains C1 - C7

100
Q

thoracic spine

A

12 vert
T1-T12

101
Q

lumbar spine

A

5 v
L1- L5

102
Q

sacrum

A

5 V
S1-S5

103
Q

electroencephalograms

A

measure brain activity through electrodes placed on the scalp
- sleep stages

104
Q

CT

A

x ray pics into 3d
- iodoizing radiation
- expensive

105
Q

MRI

A

make images of structures
- soft structures

106
Q

PET

A

radiolabel glucose and look at metabolic activity

MCAT psych/soc (13 decks)

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