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MCAT psych/soc > cognition and language > Flashcards

cognition and language Flashcards

1
Q

information processing model

A

view of the mind like a computer that recieves data and procesesses it

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2
Q

psychological paradigm of behavior

A

only behavior can be studied

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3
Q

jean piaget

A

developmental psychology
- proposed developmental stages every child passes through

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4
Q

first stage of development

A

sensorimotor
birth - 2 years old
infants interact with the world around them through motor activities
aquisition of object perminance

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5
Q

object permemnance

A

understanding that objects exsist outside of perception
-peak a boo (things that you do not see dont just go away)

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6
Q

circular reactions

A

major feature of sensorimotor stage of development that refers to the intentional repeitiion of something

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7
Q

stranger anxiety

A

phenomenon of sensorimotor stage of development where babies around 9 months get uneasy around new people

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8
Q

major parts of sensorimotor stage

A

lack of object permenance, language, stranger anxiety, circular reactions

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9
Q

preoperational stage

A

from 2 - 7

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10
Q

concreate operational range

A

7- 11

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11
Q

formal operational

A

11 and older

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12
Q

operations (according to piaget)

A

mental manipulations of objects of thought

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13
Q

conversion

A

idea that the same amount of a substance is perserved when it is transferred between containers with different shapes

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14
Q

operations of the preoperational stage

A

from 2 - 7
representation of objects using symbols
- words and images
- imaginative play
- egocentrism
- do not possess conversation
- centration

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15
Q

centration

A

tendency of children in preoportional stage to focus on a single property of an object and exclude others

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16
Q

what is this an example of? a child is happy to recieve two pieces of chocolate while their sibling only got one piece , even though they both got the same amount

A

these kids do not posess conversion and are focused on centration which is a preoperational characteristic

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17
Q

four key features of preoperational stage

A

egocentrism, lack of conservation, centration, symbolic thought

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18
Q

concrete operational range

A

7 to 11

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19
Q

characteristics of concrete operational cognitive development

A

conservation, lose egocentrism, become more skilled problem solvers, deductive reasoning

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20
Q

formal operational range

A

11 and older (till 16ish)

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21
Q

characteristics of formal operational

A

ability to fully engage in abstract thought
- handle hypothesis
- reason abstractly
- make nuanced moral judgements

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22
Q

schema

A

cognitive framework that organizes information about things that one percieves in the outside world with implications for the actions that can be taken in response

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23
Q

assimilation

A

original schema remains intact with new information

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24
Q

accomadation

A

schema is adjusted due to new information

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25
fluid intellegence
refers to problem solving ability - applied to new situaitons - does not rely on exsisting knowledge
26
crystallized intellegence
utilize skills/ knowledge and info already exsisting
27
which form of intellegence decays with old age
fluid intellegence
28
dimentia
constellation of symptoms with an interference of memory
29
universality of piaget's stages of development
age ranges for major devleopments of all children regardless of culture
30
Lee vygotsky
claim cognitive development was heavily influenced by culture
31
trial and error
problem solving method where we try different methods to see which ones work
32
algorithm
problem solving technique with fixed steps more thought and insight than trial and error if then statements - not a true understanding
33
deductive reasoning
top down - apply general principles to specific situations
34
inductive reasoning
bottom up - successive obsevations used to identify principles
35
issue with inductive reasoning
issue of overgeneralization
36
analogies
problem solving tool where new problem relates to old and solve them the same
37
intuition
gut sense of how to solve
38
insight
problem solving tool (eureka)
39
mental set
framework we use for conceptualizing problems
40
fixation
getting stuck in a way of thinking
41
functional fixedness
seeing objects as only having one function and neglecting others
42
Duckner's candle problem
participant is given a candle, box of matches, and box of thumbtax and told to attatch candle to the wall without letting wax drip. demonstrates functional fixedness
43
belief perserverence
tendancy for people to maintain their beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence
44
overconfidence
being too sure of oneself can interfere with effective problem solving - linked to belief perserverence
45
cognitive biases
systematic unconcious patterns that skew reasoning
46
confirmation bias
reason in a way that favors information about conclussions we have already made
47
hindsight bias
retroactively view events as being highly predictable
48
causation bias
tendancy to infer cause and effect relationships inaccurately - mistake correlation for causation
49
heuristics
mental shortcuts to help with problem solving
50
difference between biases and heuristics
biases are general cognitive patterns that affect decision making heuristics are problem solving tools
51
representative heuristic
decisions are made based off comparisons to mental representations of stereotypes, prototypes, or concieved notions - judgements about how probable something is
52
availability heuristic
makes assumptions based off of recent information or events because they have a fresh or lasting impact on our minds
53
difference between representative and availability heuristic
representative is what is probable to happen given a stereotype while availability is based on something recently encoded or important
54
intellegence
ability to detect patterns, process and store information, understand ideas, and problem solve
55
charles spearman
children performance showed correlations - students who do well in math tend to do well in history - general intellegence - empiracle formula for intellegence
56
general intellegence
g factor can be inherited and affected by envirnment
57
francis galton
foundation of eugenics : breeding of humans for desired traits
58
hereditary genius
galton contribution to intellegence,
59
alfred binet
developed IQ mental age - age x 100
60
what does iq reflect
general intellegence, and both fluid and crystaliized intellegence
61
iq bell curve
normal distribution
62
Flynn effect
IQ steadily increases in developing countries over time
63
theory of multiple intellegences
howard gardner - musical, visual-spacial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathmatical, bodily, interpersonal, intrapersonal
64
which categories of multiple intellegences contribute to the g factor
logical-math visual-spacial verbal-linguistic
65
is emotional intellegence one of gardners multiple intellegences?
no it was coined by Daniel Goleman
66
emotional intellegence
recognition of both ones own emotions and those of others as well as emotional regulation
67
who invented g factor
spearman
68
who developed concept of mental age
binet
69
language
consists of parallels that operate whenever we speak and uses arbitrary symbols to refer to concrete and abstract ideas
70
phonetics
deal with speech sound , no concern with meaning
71
phonology
how we strcuture and organize speech sounds in ways that do affect meaning
72
morphology
how words are formed and grammer
73
semantics
study of meaning at the level of words and sentances
74
pragmatics
non-literal meaning
75
bf skinner
behaviorism - learning through reward and punishment
76
learning theory of language
language is a learned behavior that develops in response to envirnmental stimuli and responses - deny specialized capacity for language learning in the brain
77
nativist theory of language acquisiton
noam chomsky - strong emphasis on idea that humans have hard wired neural capcity for learning language in the brain - area of brain is language aquisition device
78
generative linguistics
abstract linguistic structures undergo transformation
79
interactionalist theory
children interact with envirnment , differs from skinner because it does not deny the inborn capacity for languages and it views envirnmental input more interactive
80
sapir-Whorf hypothesis
linguistic realativity, language dictates thought
81
linguistic determinism
language dictates thought
82
aphasia
impaired ability to communicate
83
Wernikes aphasia
cannot comprehend language, speech production is fine - damage to superior temporal lobe (wernikes area) -AKA fluent aphasia - receptive aphasia
84
where is wernikes area
left hemisphere, superior temproal lobe
85
fluent aphasia
impaired understanding, fine speech production
86
receptive aphasia
impaired understanding, speech is fine
87
brocas aphasia
impaired speech production - frontal lobe damage
88
arcuate fasciculus
area between wernkikes area and brocas area where info is passed
89
conduction aphasiA
brocas aphasia
90
auditory cortices
region of temporal lobe that handles language related processing

MCAT psych/soc (13 decks)

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