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MCAT psych/soc > emotion, stress, memory, and learning > Flashcards

emotion, stress, memory, and learning Flashcards

1
Q

emotion

A

how people perceive and express their needs, wants and desires

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2
Q

Ekman’s universal emotions

A

certain basic emotions are universal and felt among all people
sadness, happiness, anger, surprise, disgust, contempt , fear

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3
Q

limbic system

A

area of the brain associated with emotion, memory, and learning

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4
Q

amygdala

A

processing emotional stimuli

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5
Q

components of emotion

A

cognitive
physiological
behavioral

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6
Q

james lange theory of emotion

A

stimulus –> physiological response –> emotional response

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7
Q

schacter singer theory of emotion

A

involves COGNITIVE APPRAISAL
stimulus –> physio response –> cognitive appraisal —> –> emotion
- physio arrousal determines stregnth of emotion
- cog appraisal determines emotional label

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8
Q

cannon-bard theory of emotion

A

stimulus –> physiological reponse and emotion occur simultaneously

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9
Q

lazarus theory of emotion

A

stimulus –> cognitive label –> physioligcal response –> emotion

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10
Q

independent stressors

A

out of our control

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11
Q

dependent stressors

A

in our control

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12
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict approach

A

choose between 2 bad options

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13
Q

approach approach conflict

A

choose between 2 good options

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14
Q

approach avoidance conflict

A

decision has ups and downs

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15
Q

primary stressor

A

process through which someone sees an event as a threat

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16
Q

secondary stressor

A

person’s assesement of his ability to deal with stressor

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17
Q

eustress

A

positive stress

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18
Q

neustress

A

neutral stress

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19
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

initial stress response is alarm (increase SNS) and as stress persists the body shifts to resistance where cortisol is involved , eventually body reaches exhaustion

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19
Q

learned helplessness

A

repeated exposure to stress causes one to give up preventing it

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19
Q

learned helplessness

A

repeated exposure to stress causes one to give up preventing it

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19
Q

encoding

A

process envirnmental input to operate on

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20
Q

chunking

A

encoding technique where things are taken in smaller parts of a whole

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21
Q

mnuemonics

A

encoding technique

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22
method of loki
encoding technique associated with mental mapping
22
method of loki
encoding technique associated with mental mapping
22
method of loki
encoding technique associated with mental mapping
23
3 classifications of memory
sensory, short term, long term
23
sensory memory
instantaneous
24
long term memory
hours to years
25
short term memory
small capacity to store information for 7 plus or minus 2 is the amount in short term memory
26
working memory
cognitive and attention process we use to perform mental operations on information we are holding in short term memory - visiospacial sketchpad
27
how much info is stored in short term memory at once?
5 to 9 objects
28
visuospatial sketchpad
ability to hold visual and spacial information process of working memory
29
main types of long term memory
semantic and procedural memory
30
semantic memory
aka declarative , explicit pertains to long term information memory
31
procedural memory
aka implicit pertains to remembering how to do something
32
episodic memory
memories of experiences
33
flashbulb memory
extremely vivid and detail oriented memories of specific events
34
Eidetic memory
photographic memory remember a visual stimulus in great detail
35
iconic memory
short term visual memory
36
prospective memory
refer to memories for plans in the future
37
spreading activation
when a concept is brought to mind, activation spreads along adjecent nodes of a memory network
38
memory schemas
semantic categories about how we percieve the world
39
source monitering error
information from memory is accurate but the source attributed to it is wrong
40
retrieval
calling on memory
41
recall
active process of retrieval
42
recognitiion
passive process of retrival
43
semantic activation
prime us to retrieve concepts more quickly that are adjacent to activated concepts
44
priming
effects of stimulus on our ability to percieve subsequent stimuli
45
priming
effects of stimulus on our ability to percieve subsequent stimuli
46
negative priming
stimulus inhibits the processing of subsequent stimuli (stroop test)
47
stroop test
example of negative priming where u are asked to look at a color and spell a different one
48
primacy effect
recall is easier for begining of a list
49
recency effect
recall easier for items at end of a list
50
seriel positioning effect
recall begin/end of a list best
51
spacing effect
recall is better when things are not learned all at once
52
dual coding effect
studying multiple modalities is more effective than one
53
state dependent memory
emotional conditions prompt memory
54
misinformation effect
information we subsequently obtain affects how we recall an event
55
reproductive memory
encode information and then reproduce it
56
reconstructive memory
we base memories off of perceptions
57
ebbinghaus forgetting curve
forgetting is part of life and increases as time from info being first learned is incresed
58
proactive interference
cannot form new memories because of old ones
59
retroactive interference
cannot recall old memories because of new ones
60
amnesia
process of memory loss
61
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember previous events
62
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
63
AD
amyloid beta plaques and forgetfullness
64
Korsakoff's syndrome
deficiency in thiamine or B --> alcoholics - anterograde and retrograde amnesia
65
what kind of intellegence does not decline with age
crystaliized semantic intellegence
66
neuroplasticity
ability of brain to rewire itself in response to learning and damage
67
classical conditioning
pavlov, establishing conditioned response with a previously neutral stimulus
68
unconditioned stimulus
natural stimulus that elicits a physciological response
69
unconditioned response
response to a natural stimulus
70
neutral stimulus
something random that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit response
71
aquisition
classic conditioning was successful and a conditioned stimulus elicits conditioned response
72
habituation
repeated stimuli ilicit a diminshing response
73
dishabituation
intervening stimulus resensitizes subject to elicit response
74
spontaneous recovery
after extinction, conditioned response randomly comes back
75
stimulus generalization
the conditioned response is exhibited from multiple stimuli
76
stimulus discrimination
conditioned response is specific to conditioned stimuli
77
operant conditioning
teaching behavior with rewards and punishments
78
reinforcers
rewards that encourage punishment
79
punishmnet
discourage behaviors
80
positive
something added
81
negative
something taken
82
escape
removes a stimulus
83
avoidance
prevent a stimulus from happening
84
positive reinforcement
providing desirable stimulus after performing desired behavior
85
positive punishment
adverse stimulus after undesirable action
86
escape learning
behavior terminates adverse stimulus
87
avoidance learning
behavior avoids adverse stimulus
88
continuous reinforcement
provide reinforcement everytime target behavior is performed
89
partial reinforcement
structured according to ratios and time intervals
90
fixed ratio
reward given per specific amount of times target behavior is performed
91
variable ratio
reward given between some amount of target behavior performances
92
variable interval
reward given at random times after performing target behavior
93
which reinforcement schedule leads to most ideal behavior and least extincition
variable ratio (slot machine)
94
token economy
people gain tokens for rewards as a primary reinforcer
95
shaping
rewarding progressive approximations of target behavior
96
capturing
waiting for a behavior to be performed and then rewarding it
97
latent learning
background learning that happens and info is gathered even when no reward is present
98
extiniction
decrease in behavior response over time with no reinforcement
99
instinctive drift
reversion to instinctive behavior
100
bandura
observational learning with bobo dolls

MCAT psych/soc (13 decks)

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