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MCAT psych/soc > emotion, stress, memory, and learning > Flashcards

emotion, stress, memory, and learning Flashcards

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1
Q

emotion

A

how people perceive and express their needs, wants and desires

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2
Q

Ekman’s universal emotions

A

certain basic emotions are universal and felt among all people
sadness, happiness, anger, surprise, disgust, contempt , fear

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3
Q

limbic system

A

area of the brain associated with emotion, memory, and learning

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4
Q

amygdala

A

processing emotional stimuli

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5
Q

components of emotion

A

cognitive
physiological
behavioral

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6
Q

james lange theory of emotion

A

stimulus –> physiological response –> emotional response

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7
Q

schacter singer theory of emotion

A

involves COGNITIVE APPRAISAL
stimulus –> physio response –> cognitive appraisal —> –> emotion
- physio arrousal determines stregnth of emotion
- cog appraisal determines emotional label

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8
Q

cannon-bard theory of emotion

A

stimulus –> physiological reponse and emotion occur simultaneously

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9
Q

lazarus theory of emotion

A

stimulus –> cognitive label –> physioligcal response –> emotion

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10
Q

independent stressors

A

out of our control

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11
Q

dependent stressors

A

in our control

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12
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict approach

A

choose between 2 bad options

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13
Q

approach approach conflict

A

choose between 2 good options

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14
Q

approach avoidance conflict

A

decision has ups and downs

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15
Q

primary stressor

A

process through which someone sees an event as a threat

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16
Q

secondary stressor

A

person’s assesement of his ability to deal with stressor

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17
Q

eustress

A

positive stress

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18
Q

neustress

A

neutral stress

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19
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

initial stress response is alarm (increase SNS) and as stress persists the body shifts to resistance where cortisol is involved , eventually body reaches exhaustion

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19
Q

learned helplessness

A

repeated exposure to stress causes one to give up preventing it

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19
Q

learned helplessness

A

repeated exposure to stress causes one to give up preventing it

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19
Q

encoding

A

process envirnmental input to operate on

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20
Q

chunking

A

encoding technique where things are taken in smaller parts of a whole

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21
Q

mnuemonics

A

encoding technique

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22
Q

method of loki

A

encoding technique associated with mental mapping

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22
Q

method of loki

A

encoding technique associated with mental mapping

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22
Q

method of loki

A

encoding technique associated with mental mapping

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23
Q

3 classifications of memory

A

sensory, short term, long term

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23
Q

sensory memory

A

instantaneous

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24
Q

long term memory

A

hours to years

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25
Q

short term memory

A

small capacity to store information for
7 plus or minus 2 is the amount in short term memory

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26
Q

working memory

A

cognitive and attention process we use to perform mental operations on information we are holding in short term memory
- visiospacial sketchpad

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27
Q

how much info is stored in short term memory at once?

A

5 to 9 objects

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28
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

ability to hold visual and spacial information
process of working memory

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29
Q

main types of long term memory

A

semantic and procedural memory

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30
Q

semantic memory

A

aka declarative , explicit
pertains to long term information memory

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31
Q

procedural memory

A

aka implicit
pertains to remembering how to do something

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32
Q

episodic memory

A

memories of experiences

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33
Q

flashbulb memory

A

extremely vivid and detail oriented memories of specific events

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34
Q

Eidetic memory

A

photographic memory
remember a visual stimulus in great detail

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35
Q

iconic memory

A

short term visual memory

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36
Q

prospective memory

A

refer to memories for plans in the future

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37
Q

spreading activation

A

when a concept is brought to mind, activation spreads along adjecent nodes of a memory network

38
Q

memory schemas

A

semantic categories about how we percieve the world

39
Q

source monitering error

A

information from memory is accurate but the source attributed to it is wrong

40
Q

retrieval

A

calling on memory

41
Q

recall

A

active process of retrieval

42
Q

recognitiion

A

passive process of retrival

43
Q

semantic activation

A

prime us to retrieve concepts more quickly that are adjacent to activated concepts

44
Q

priming

A

effects of stimulus on our ability to percieve subsequent stimuli

45
Q

priming

A

effects of stimulus on our ability to percieve subsequent stimuli

46
Q

negative priming

A

stimulus inhibits the processing of subsequent stimuli (stroop test)

47
Q

stroop test

A

example of negative priming where u are asked to look at a color and spell a different one

48
Q

primacy effect

A

recall is easier for begining of a list

49
Q

recency effect

A

recall easier for items at end of a list

50
Q

seriel positioning effect

A

recall begin/end of a list best

51
Q

spacing effect

A

recall is better when things are not learned all at once

52
Q

dual coding effect

A

studying multiple modalities is more effective than one

53
Q

state dependent memory

A

emotional conditions prompt memory

54
Q

misinformation effect

A

information we subsequently obtain affects how we recall an event

55
Q

reproductive memory

A

encode information and then reproduce it

56
Q

reconstructive memory

A

we base memories off of perceptions

57
Q

ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A

forgetting is part of life and increases as time from info being first learned is incresed

58
Q

proactive interference

A

cannot form new memories because of old ones

59
Q

retroactive interference

A

cannot recall old memories because of new ones

60
Q

amnesia

A

process of memory loss

61
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember previous events

62
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

63
Q

AD

A

amyloid beta plaques and forgetfullness

64
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

deficiency in thiamine or B –> alcoholics
- anterograde and retrograde amnesia

65
Q

what kind of intellegence does not decline with age

A

crystaliized semantic intellegence

66
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability of brain to rewire itself in response to learning and damage

67
Q

classical conditioning

A

pavlov, establishing conditioned response with a previously neutral stimulus

68
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

natural stimulus that elicits a physciological response

69
Q

unconditioned response

A

response to a natural stimulus

70
Q

neutral stimulus

A

something random that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit response

71
Q

aquisition

A

classic conditioning was successful and a conditioned stimulus elicits conditioned response

72
Q

habituation

A

repeated stimuli ilicit a diminshing response

73
Q

dishabituation

A

intervening stimulus resensitizes subject to elicit response

74
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

after extinction, conditioned response randomly comes back

75
Q

stimulus generalization

A

the conditioned response is exhibited from multiple stimuli

76
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

conditioned response is specific to conditioned stimuli

77
Q

operant conditioning

A

teaching behavior with rewards and punishments

78
Q

reinforcers

A

rewards that encourage punishment

79
Q

punishmnet

A

discourage behaviors

80
Q

positive

A

something added

81
Q

negative

A

something taken

82
Q

escape

A

removes a stimulus

83
Q

avoidance

A

prevent a stimulus from happening

84
Q

positive reinforcement

A

providing desirable stimulus after performing desired behavior

85
Q

positive punishment

A

adverse stimulus after undesirable action

86
Q

escape learning

A

behavior terminates adverse stimulus

87
Q

avoidance learning

A

behavior avoids adverse stimulus

88
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

provide reinforcement everytime target behavior is performed

89
Q

partial reinforcement

A

structured according to ratios and time intervals

90
Q

fixed ratio

A

reward given per specific amount of times target behavior is performed

91
Q

variable ratio

A

reward given between some amount of target behavior performances

92
Q

variable interval

A

reward given at random times after performing target behavior

93
Q

which reinforcement schedule leads to most ideal behavior and least extincition

A

variable ratio (slot machine)

94
Q

token economy

A

people gain tokens for rewards as a primary reinforcer

95
Q

shaping

A

rewarding progressive approximations of target behavior

96
Q

capturing

A

waiting for a behavior to be performed and then rewarding it

97
Q

latent learning

A

background learning that happens and info is gathered even when no reward is present

98
Q

extiniction

A

decrease in behavior response over time with no reinforcement

99
Q

instinctive drift

A

reversion to instinctive behavior

100
Q

bandura

A

observational learning with bobo dolls

MCAT psych/soc (13 decks)

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