experimental design and methods

Question 1

variable

Answer 1

phenomena in the real world that has variation

Question 2

independent variable

Answer 2

variable that is manipulated to examine changes in the dependent variable
- on x axis

Question 3

dependent variable

Answer 3

depends on the independent variable and change is measured
- on y axis

Question 4

confounding variable

Answer 4

third variable that affects both the independent and dependent variables

Question 5

mediating variable

Answer 5

provides a link between the independent and dependent variables (in between/ middle)

Question 6

moderating variable

Answer 6

modulates the intensity between the variables

Question 7

operationalization

Answer 7

translating into a measurable way

Question 8

experimental studies

Answer 8

researchers directly manipulate an independent variable

Question 9

observational studies

Answer 9

carefully examine prexsisting patterns - independent variable is not manipulated

Question 10

negative controls

Answer 10

do not recieve treatment or intervention

Question 11

positive controls

Answer 11

recieve a treatment that has known outcomes to compare a new treatment

Question 12

what kind of experimental design is used when placebo testing a new drug?

Answer 12

double blindq

Question 13

randomized controlled trial (RCT)

Answer 13

particpants are randomized to control vs treatment group

Question 14

cross-sectional study

Answer 14

type of observational study where researchers take a group of people that represent a population and measure things about them
- give a snapshot about a population at one specific time
- cannot assume causality `
- retrospective study

Question 15

longtitudinal study

Answer 15

type of observational study where the same group of cohorts are studied over a long period of time

Question 16

risk factors

Answer 16

independent variables associated with higher risk of a negative outcome

Question 17

protective factors

Answer 17

independent variables associated with positive outcome

Question 18

cohort studies

Answer 18

subset of longtitudinal studies that follows a specific group over time
- prospective study

Question 19

case control studies

Answer 19

subtype of observational studies
- compare specific cases of interest with controls
- used in epidemiology

Question 20

case study

Answer 20

researcher reports their specific experience with a specific condition
- if multiple cases .. it is a case series

Question 21

mixed methods

Answer 21

record qualitative and quantitative results

Question 22

validity

Answer 22

extent to which the results are GENUINE AND GENERALIZABLE
-internal, external, and test

Question 23

internal validity

Answer 23

confirming a causual relationship

Question 24

external validity

Answer 24

extent that lab results can be generalized to describe real population

Question 25

test validity

Answer 25

how well a research design was able to test its variables

Question 26

construct validity

Answer 26

type of test validity that evaluates the design of a test

Question 27

content validity

Answer 27

how well the experiemnt covers the full scope of a criteria

Question 28

predictive validity

Answer 28

how well test predicts later scores measuring the same thing

Question 29

reliability

Answer 29

consistency of results

Question 30

precision

Answer 30

how close together results are

Question 31

accuracy

Answer 31

how close measured values are to the actual

Question 32

survey methods

Answer 32

collect large amounts of data often from questionnaires

Question 33

likert scale

Answer 33

used on surveys, contium of options

Question 34

self reporting bias / response bias

Answer 34

inherit to survey methods

Question 35

social desirability bias

Answer 35

tendancy to answer questions the way others would want one to

Question 36

aquiescence bias

Answer 36

tendancy to answer yes when one is unsure of the answer