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Famous Things in Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the JND

A

Just noticable difference, relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses. Led to the formation of Weber’s law by Fechner

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2
Q

What did Sir Francis Galton do?

A

Measured perception of sensation in 10,000 people.

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3
Q

What did Gestal psychology contribute?

A

The visual illusion, refferred to as the PI phenomenon concluded that visual perception has an ingrained wholeness that is different than the analysis of the parts of vision.

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

is the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses

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5
Q

What is an absolute threshold?

A

the minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate the sensory system.

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6
Q

What is another word for threshold?

A

Limen

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7
Q

What is subliminal perception

A

perception of stimuli below a threshold of conscious awareness

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8
Q

What is difference threshold?

A

The difference between a standard stimulus and a comparison stimulus. Try to match the weight of 100 ounces. The difference is the difference threshold.

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9
Q

What can difference threshold be refferred to as?

A

JND (but it sues a different units), i.e. if the difference of 100 ounces is 2 oz, then 1 JND = 2 oz

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10
Q

What is Weber’s law

A

The change in stimulus intensity of the standard stimulus is constant. ? I/I = K ? the smaller the K the greater sensitivity. So if we have 10 candles if we can make out that 11 make it brighter than K = (11-10)/10=0.1

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11
Q

Across modalities how does Weber’s law fit the data?

A

Well except at high and low intensities but it is scaled so that K remains constant.

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12
Q

Fechner’s law

A

The difference between intensity of sensation and the intensity of stimulus. Sensation increases more slowly as intensity increases.

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13
Q

Steven’s power law

A

Relates the intensity of stimulation to the intensity of sensation

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14
Q

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

A

Suggests that other, nonsensory factors influence what the subject says she senses.

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15
Q

What are these other factors in signal detection theory?

A

experiences, motives, expectations

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16
Q

Response bias is related to SDT

A

Response bias which refers the tendency of subjects to respond in a particular way due to nonsensory factors. I.e. someone hearing a tone may want to be cautious in clearly hearing a tone before affirming that they heard it.

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17
Q

Receiver operating characteristics

A

Are curves that many graphically respresent a subjects resonses by measuring the operating (sensitivity) characteristics of a subject receiving signals.

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18
Q

What is the first step in information processing?

A

Reception: receptors that respond to physical external energy

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19
Q

What is the second step?

A

Transduction: which is the translation of physical energy into neural impulses

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20
Q

What is the third step?

A

via neural pathways information is sent to projection areas

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21
Q

Structure of the eye contains:

A

cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina

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22
Q

Cornea

A

clear dome like window: gathers and focuses light

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23
Q

pupil

A

The whole that controls the aperature of light entering the eye

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24
Q

Iris

A

is the colored part of they, has involuntary and autonomic nerve fibers

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25
Q

Lens

A

Behind the iris helps focus light by controlling the curvature of light that enters the eye.

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26
Q

Duplexity

A

Duplicity theory of vison: which states there are two kinds of photo receptors

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27
Q

Cones

A

Used for color vision, and fine detail, more effective in bright light, allow us to see chromatic and achromatic colors

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28
Q

Rods

A

only allow for achromatic colors, in reduced illumination rods work best, low sensitivity to detail

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29
Q

Foeva

A

Middle section of the retina that contains only cones

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30
Q

As you move further away from the foeva

A

Less cones and more rods.

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31
Q

Several layers of nerves between receptor and optic nerve what are they?

A

horizontal, amacrine, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

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32
Q

What is the implication of multiple intermediary neurons in vision?

A

There is a convergance of signals before transmission on the optic nerve. This results in a loss of detail. Less convergance of cones than rods.

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33
Q

What occurs at the optic chasm?

A

Nerves cross over, stimulus on right side goes to the left side of the brain.

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34
Q

Do all the fibers cross?

A

No only 1/2, the nasal half goes to the opposite side

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35
Q

Which side do the left temporal fibers go to?

A

The left side of the brain

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36
Q

Which parts of the brain do they go to? (3 total)

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalmus, visual cortex of the occipital lobe and superior colliculus

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37
Q

Feature detection theory (FDT)

A

Certain cells in the visual cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli.

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38
Q

Who came up with FDT? What was the result

A

Hubel and Wiesel, won the nobel prize

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39
Q

What types of cells does the FDT differentiate?

A

simple, complex, hypercomplex (catagorized by degree of abstraction needed to understand)

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40
Q

What responds to orientation

A

simple

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41
Q

What responds to movement?

A

complex

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42
Q

What respnds to hypercomplex?

A

shape

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43
Q

What are the key concepts of brightness perception?

A

illumination, brightness, dark adaptation, lateral inhibition

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44
Q

What is the objective measure of the amount of light falling on a surface?

A

Illumination

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45
Q

What is the subjective impression of the intensity of stimulus?

A

Brightness

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46
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

Caused by the regeneration of rhodospin

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47
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; sharpens and highlights borders between light and dark

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48
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

The phtopigment that is made up of vitamin A deivative

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49
Q

What is the dervative of vitamin A called

A

It is called retinal and a protein called opsin

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50
Q

What is the physiology behind rhodopsin?

A

Rhodopsin absorbs a photon of light, pigment decomposes into retiene and opsin. It takes time for pigaments to regenerate. You wait for rhodospin to regernate so that you can see better in the dark.

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51
Q

What is bleaching?

A

The breaking of rhodopsin

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52
Q

What is simulataneous brightness contrast

A

A target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus than when surrounded by a lighter stimulus.

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53
Q

Where is simultaneous brightness contrast take place? What is the process called?

A

Lateral inhibition, neighboring cells within the retina.

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54
Q

Color perception

A

is related to the wavelength of the light entering the eye.

55
Q

What wavelengths can the eye see

A

About 400-800 nanometers

56
Q

What is the difference additive and subtractive color mixture?

A

Occurs when you mix pigments, two different types of mixing

57
Q

What is blue + green?

A

A subtractive color mixture

58
Q

Additive color mixing?

A

Has to do with lights. Primary colors are red, blue and green. Occurs before reflection off of things.

59
Q

If you add green and red in an additive sense you get?

A

Yellow

60
Q

Subtractive color mixing

A

Has to do when you mix pigments. i.e. mix blue and yellow to get green. Primary colors are yellow, blue and red. This occurs with the reflection off of things.

61
Q

What two theories of color vision are there?

A

Young-Helmhoz theory, trichromatic theory. This theory suggests that the retina contains three different types of color receptors. Which are sensitive to different colors (red, blue, green)

62
Q

Ewald Hering’s criticism of trichromatic theory is?

A

Yellow must be one of the primary colors. Red, blue, green, and yellow are aranged in opposing pairs. Red or green or blue or yellow.

63
Q

What is Hering’s theory of color perception called?

A

opponent process theory of color vision.

64
Q

Who was right?

A

Helmotz was right about the retina component, Hering was right about the other areas in the visual system i.e. the lateral geniculate nucleus

65
Q

What are afterimages?

A

Is a visual sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a stimulus. ex red square after staring at a white piece of paper.

66
Q

What are the concepts of depth perception?

A

Interposion/overlap, relative size, linear perspective. They have to do how do we perceive 3D objects on a 2D retina

67
Q

Interposition/overlap

A

If one object covers another, the partially hidden object as seen as farther away

68
Q

RElative size

A

Comparison retinal size of object to actual size of object gives clue to depth

69
Q

Linear perspective

A

Parallel lines appear to converge as they recede in the distance

70
Q

Texture gradients

A

As scene recedes from viewer, the surface texture of the object appears to change,

71
Q

Motion parallax

A

when an observer moves, objects in a stationary enviornemtn appear to move relative to the distance of the observer.

72
Q

Binocular disparity (stereopsis)

A

Each eye sees the scene from a slightly different perspective, the brain combines the two to get perception of depth.

73
Q

Perception of Form, what are the most important concepts.

A

Figure and ground are the most concepts.

74
Q

Figure is

A

the integrated visual experience that stands out at the center of attention.

75
Q

Ground is

A

simply the background against which the figure appears.

76
Q

What are the Gestalt laws that govern figure and ground organization?

A

proximity, similarity, good continuation, closure, pragnanz

77
Q

Proximity

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

78
Q

similarity

A

elemnts that are similar to one another tend to be grouped together

79
Q

Good continuation

A

Elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together

80
Q

Closure

A

The tendency to see incomplete figures as being complete

81
Q

Pragnanz

A

Perceptual organization will always be as “good” (regular, simple, symmetrical) as possible

82
Q

What is a modern view of sensory perception?

A

Bottom up and top down processing.

83
Q

Bottom up is

A

refers to object perception that responds directly to the components of incoming stimulus n the basis of fixed rules (governed by physiology)

84
Q

Top down is

A

refers to object perception that is guided by coneptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components.

85
Q

What is theory of isomorphism

A

Suggests that thre is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain. Has not faired well empirically. Developed by Wofgange Kohler

86
Q

Illusions of motion

A

Apparent motion, induced motion, autokinetic effect, motion after effect

87
Q

Apparent motion

A

when two or more stationary lights flicker in succession they tend to be perceived as a single moving light

88
Q

Induced motion

A

A stationary point of light appears to move when the background moves.

89
Q

Autokinetic effect

A

A stationary point of light when viewed an otherwise totally dark room appears to move: probably because caused by involuntary movements of they eye.

90
Q

Motion after effect

A

If a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops.

91
Q

Visual constancies and different stimuli

A

Difference between proximal and distal stimuli. Proximal is the actual information on your sensory receptors. Distal stimulus is the actual object out there in the real world.

92
Q

Size constancy

A

Tendency for the perceived size of an object to remain constant despite varations in the size of its retinal image.

93
Q

Shape constancy

A

Tendency for the percieved shape of an object to remain cosntant despite variations in the shape fo its retinal image.

94
Q

Lightness constancy

A

Tendency for the perceived lightness of an object to remain cosntant despite changes in illumination

95
Q

Color constancy

A

Tendency for the perceived color of an object ot remain constant despite changes in the spectrum of light falling on it

96
Q

What are major visual illusions

A

Muller-Lyer, Hering, Ponzo, Wundt, Pggendorff, reversible figure (necker cube)

97
Q

Are babies, with limited experiences confronted by what James called “blooming, buzzing confusion”

A

Two major ways at looking at this question. Preferential looking and habituation.

98
Q

What do young infants prefer to look at?

A

Complex, socialy relavent stimulus. This is an example of preferential looking.

99
Q

Habituation

A

Finding new stimulus is presented to an infant. The infant will orient to it. Once the infant stops looking at it the experimenter will introduce a new stimulus.

100
Q

Innate visual depth perception

A

Virtual cliff illusion. Even young infants have a disposition for perceiving depth.

101
Q

Dimensions of sound

A

Objective: frequency, intensity
Subjective: Pitch, Loudnes, Timbre

102
Q

Frequency

A

The number of cycles per second;measured in hertzes

103
Q

Intensity,

A

The amplitude measured in decibles

104
Q

Pitch

A

The experience of frequency

105
Q

Loudness

A

The intensity of sound

106
Q

Timbre

A

The quality of the sound

107
Q

Structure of the ear

A

inner, outer, middle ear

108
Q

pinna

A

fleshy outer part of the ear

109
Q

Ear drum

A

typmanic membrane

110
Q

middle ear is made of

A

3 bones (ossicles): hammer, anvil, stirrup (malleus, incus, stapes)

111
Q

oval window

A

stapes rests on in the inner ear

112
Q

Cochlea

A

hearing apparatus on the inner ear (contains fluid)

113
Q

Basilar membrane and organ of Coti are

A

thousands of hair follicles which is analgous to the rods and cones of the ear.

114
Q

Which nerve is responsible for transmission

A

audiotry

115
Q

Where does the auditory nerve project?

A

superior olive, inferior colliculus, medial gniculate nucleus of the thalmus and the temporal cortex

116
Q

Hemholtz’s place-resonance theory

A

The movement of the basilar membrane is what determines pitch. Each different place on the basilar membrane is responsible for different pitches because each is sensitive to a specific vibration.

117
Q

Frequency theory

A

Suggests that the whole membrane vibrates as a whole. This cannot be maintained above 1000hz

118
Q

Bekesy Traveling Wave

A

movement is maximal at a different place in the basillar membrane for each frequency. Even though the whole thing does move.

119
Q

What frequency corresponds to what theory.

A

Frequency theory: below 500hz
place theory: above 4000hz
Both between 500hz and 4000hz

120
Q

Taste buds are called?

A

Papillae

121
Q

Smell receptors in?

A

olfactory epithelium

122
Q

Taste and smell go where

A

thalmus and olfactory bulb

123
Q

What is physiological zero in touch

A

a neutral temperature

124
Q

Lateral geniculate nuccleus in the thalmus

A

vision

125
Q

superior colliculus

A

vision

126
Q

visual cortex in occipital lobe

A

vision

127
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Audition

128
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus in the thalmus

A

Audition

129
Q

Temproal lobe

A

Auditon

130
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Touch

131
Q

What is the concept of selective attention

A

Filter between our sensory stimuli and our processing stimuli. More of an all or none principle. The cocktail party phenomenon is an example of this. Loudness control that dampens out other ancillary stimuli rather than shuts off

132
Q

Dichotic listening, what is this

A

when ears are presented with conflicting information

133
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Inverted U: 2 axis
1 performance from low to high
2 arousal low to high
best to find the optimum at the peak of the inverted U

Famous Things in Psychology (18 decks)

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