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Famous Things in Psychology > Developmental Psychology things > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology things Flashcards

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1
Q

Cross Sectional studies

A

study compares groups of subjects at different ages

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2
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Studies the same group across time at multiple intervals

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3
Q

Sequential cohort study

A

combine cross sectional and longitudinal research methods

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4
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Debate in developmental psychology, innate versus environmental

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5
Q

Gene

A

basic unit of heredity

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6
Q

Allele

A

Alternative form of a gene either dominant or recesive

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7
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

observable characteristics

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

The structural units of many genes, adult carries 23 chromosome pairs 1/2 from mother and 1/2 from father

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10
Q

How much is inherited from your parents

A

50%

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11
Q

How much genetic code do siblings, fraternal twins have in common

A

50%

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12
Q

RC Tyron, maze rats

A

maze-bright, and maze dull rats. Selective breeding of maze bright rats and maze bright rats to demonstrate that ability to learn could be genetically passed on.

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13
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a genetic anomaly where the individual has an extra 21 chromosome

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14
Q

PKU

A

Phenylketonuria enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine is absent, leads to severe retardation if not treated

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15
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

Males with an extra X chromsome (XXY)

sterile and have mental retardation

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16
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

Failure to develop secondary sex characteristics (females with only one X chromosome)

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17
Q

Zygote

A

Fertalized egg

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18
Q

Germinal stage

A

conception to two weeks

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19
Q

Embryonic stage

A

8 weeks, produce androgen and grow sex organs, first motionof limbs,

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20
Q

Fetal Period

A

During the third month and you see brain activity

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21
Q

External threats

A

Malnutrition, protein defiiceincy, narcotic dependency, cigarrett smoke = slowed growth, alcohol =FAS

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22
Q

Reflexes

A

Rooting, Moro, Babinski, Grasping

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23
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Theory of adaptation from basic understandings and interactions with the world to more complex ones involving abstract thought.

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24
Q

Schema

A

Organized patterns of behavior and thought

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25
Q

Assimilation

A

Is the process of interpreting new information in terms of an existing schema

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26
Q

Accommodation

A

Occurs when new information doesn’t really fit into existing schemata; it is the process of modifying existing schemata to adapt to this new information

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27
Q

4 stages

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete opreational
Formal operational

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28
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Birth to age two
Object permanence
Primary (motions with the body) and secondary circular reactions (manipulate objects external to it) i.e. sucking on anything to satisfy hunger

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29
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2 to 7 years
beginning of representational thought
objects exist even though they cannot be perceived
centration: the ability to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon.
Egocentrism
Conservation of physical properties

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30
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

7 to 11 can take perspective of others but are limited to working with concrete objects or information that is directly avail

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31
Q

Formal operations

A

Beginning to think like a scientist

32
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Cognitive development is the child’s internalization of various aspects of culture–rules, symbols, language etc

33
Q

Zone of Proximal development

A

skills and abilities not fully formed but are in development, zone between a child’s test alone and that with guidance from an adult.

34
Q

Phonology

A

the actual sound stem of language, must learn to actually separate the sounds of language from background noise.

35
Q

Categorical perception

A

distinguish between differences in sound that do not denote differences in meaning and those differences in sound that do denote differences in meaning.

36
Q

Babbling

A

Important precursor to language, even deaf children babble during their first year, child using sign language also babble with their hands

37
Q

Language Acquisition

A

18 mo dozen words, by 20 mo usually starts combining words

38
Q

Errors of growth

A

overregulation/overgeneralization of words

39
Q

Basics of language are mastered by

A

Age 5

40
Q

LAD

A

Language acquisition device (Chomsky) triggered by exposure to language

41
Q

Sensitive period of language

A

Before puberty

42
Q

Language Nativist

A

Argue for inborn tendencies for langauge

43
Q

Libido

A

sex or (life drive), psychodynamic perspective libidinal energy and the drive to reduce libidnal tension were underlying dynamic forces tha counted for human psychological processes

44
Q

Freud Stages:

A

Oral 0-1
Anal 1-3
Oedipal stage 3 to 5
Genital stage begins at puberty (if previous stages have been resolved then the person will enter into normal heterosexual relations

45
Q

Eric Erikson

A

Created a psychosocial theory of lifespan development, life is a series of crises. In each crisis there is possible favorable and unfavorable results

  1. trust vs mistrust
  2. autonomy vs shame and doubt
  3. initiative vs guilt
  4. industry vs inferiority
  5. identity vs role confusion
  6. intimacy vs isolation
  7. generativity vs stagnation
  8. integrity vs despair
46
Q

First year of life stage EE

A

Trust vs Mistrust, learns to trust his environment

47
Q

Second stage 1-3 years EE

A

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt, able to execute feeling of will and exercise choice, doubt and lack of control are unfavorable

48
Q

Third stage 3-6 years

A

Initiative vs guilt purpose, ability to initiate activities. Bad fears punishment, unduly restrict or become a show off.

49
Q

Fourth stage 6-12 years

A

Industry vs inferiority Child either feels competent or has low self-esteem and inadequacy

50
Q

Fifth stage adolescence

A

Identity vs role confusion: fidelity the ability to see onself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties. Amorphous personality that shifts day to day

51
Q

6th stage

A

Intimacy vs Isolation: ability to maintain intimate relationships with others. Relegated to superficial relationships

52
Q

7th stage

A

generativity versus stagnation person becomes a productive caring member of society

53
Q

8th stage

A

integrity versus despair wisdom versus regrets

54
Q

Temperment

A

central aspect of personality, stable, pervasive across situations, heritable

55
Q

Categories of Infant temparment

A

Easy, slow to warm-up, difficult.

56
Q

Crying

A

3 types, basic cry associated with hunger, angry cry associated with frustration, pain cry following a painful stimulus

57
Q

Social Smiling

A

One of the earliest social signals to develop, almost any face at first, then only familiar faces

58
Q

Fear response

A

Develops from undifferentiated to increasingly specific

59
Q

Attachment researchers

A

Harry Harlow, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsowrth, Konrad Lorenz

60
Q

Harry Harlow

A

rheus monkeys with surrogate, preferred terry cloth versus wire, wire monkeys were less social adept than

61
Q

John Bowlby

A

Studied children brought up in institutions. Different phases of attachment: pre-attachment, 3 mo discriminates between familiar and unfamiliar, at 6mo can be seen to be seeking out mother

62
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Begins in the second year, by third year this usually resolves.

63
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A 
Strange situation procedure came up with 3 types:
Insecure/avoidant (a)
secure attachment (b)
insecure/resistant (c)
64
Q

konrad Lorenz

A

Did a lot of work on Imprinting

65
Q

Lawrence Kolberg

A

Three phases of moral thought
preconventional morality
conventional morality
post conventional morality

66
Q

Preconvential morality

A

right and wrong are dictated by hedonistic tendancies

67
Q

Conventional morality

A

based on social rules, good girl, nice boy etc based on rules of authority

68
Q

Post conventional morality

A

social contract orientation – moral rules are seen as convention for the social good, finally universal ethical principles

69
Q

The Hein Dilemma

A

Moral questions given in a narrative format

70
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Strong Criticism of Kolberg: men and women adopt different perspectives on moral issues and that these differences stem from the different was in which boys and girls are raised. Kolbergs research was only done with Males

71
Q

Genetic Gender predispositions

A

cognitive, mathematical, spatial and linguistic abilities

72
Q

Kolberg’s Gender Stages

A

Gender labeling 2-3 years
Gender stability 3-4 years
Gender consistency 4-7 years

73
Q

Gender Schematic Processing Theory

A

Martin and Halverson, as soon as children are able to label themselves they begin concentrating on those behaviors that sem to be associated with their gender and

74
Q

Parental Style

A

Diane Baumrind: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive. Authoratitive children go on to being better socially and academically compotent

75
Q

Fatherhood

A

Fathers play more vigorously with their children than their mothers do.

Famous Things in Psychology (18 decks)

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