Experiments Flashcards
Ivan Pavlov’s experiments
with dogs and classical conditioning (1900s)
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner
conduct the Little Albert experiment showing evidence of classical conditioning (1920)
Solomon Asch’s conformity experiments
shows how group pressure can persuade an individual to conform to an obviously wrong opinion (1951)
B.F. Skinner’s demonstrations
of operant conditioning (1930s - 1960s)
Harry Harlow’s experiments with
baby monkeys and wire and cloth surrogate mothers (1957–1974)
Stanley Milgram’s experiments on
human obedience (1963)
Philip Zimbardo’s
Stanford prison experiment (1971)
Allan and Beatrix Gardner’ attempts to teach
American Sign Language to the chimpanzee Washoe (1970s)
Martin Seligman studies
learned helplessness in dogs (1970s)
Rosenhan experiment (1972). It involved the use of
healthy associates or “pseudopatients,” who briefly simulated auditory hallucinations in an attempt to gain admission to 12 different psychiatric hospitals. The hospital staff failed to detect a single pseudopatient. The study is considered an important and influential criticism of psychiatric diagnosis.
Kansas City preventive patrol experiment
(1972–1973) It was designed to test the assumption that the presence (or potential presence) of police officers in marked cars reduced the likelihood of a crime being committed. No relationship was found.
Elizabeth Loftus’ and John C. Palmer’s car crash experiment
shows that leading questions can produce false memories
Benjamin Libet’s experiment on free will shows
that a readiness potential appears before the notion of doing the task enters conscious experience, sparking debate about the illusory nature of free will yet again. (1983)
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran’s
experiment on phantom limbs with the Mirror Box throw light on the nature of ‘learned paralysis’ (1998)
Bruce K. Alexander’s [Rat Park studies]
looked at the development of drug addiction
Leon Festinger
Cognitive Dissonance via being bribed to lie for a task that is boring. People whom are bribed 1 dollar to lie state they really liked the task, people paid 20 dollars did not like it, people not paid anything did not like the task. Is $20 worth a white lie, yeah, for a dollar is not, so people changed their belief and actions
Robber’s Cave Experiments
Sherif is equally famous for the Robbers Cave Experiments. This series of experiments, begun in Connecticut and concluded in Oklahoma, took boys from intact middle-class families, who were carefully screened to be psychologically normal, delivered them to a summer camp setting (with researchers doubling as counsellors) and created social groups that came into conflict with each other. These studies had three phases: (1) Group formation, in which the members of groups got to know each others, social norms developed, leadership and structure emerged, (2) Group conflict, in which the now-formed groups came into contact with each other, competing in games and challenges, and competing for control of territory, and (3) Conflict resolution, where Sherif and colleagues tried various means of reducing the animosity and low-level violence between the groups. It is in the Robbers Cave experiments that Sherif showed that superordinate goals (goals so large that it requires more than one group to achieve the goal) reduced conflict significantly more effectively than other strategies (e.g., communication, contact).
Wedding Gift Experiments
Rate wedding gifts, pick two that are rated next to each other, rate them again after the pick, upgrade the chosen item, rejected moves down. Jack Brehm 1956
