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Famous Things in Psychology > Sensation > Flashcards

Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

Distal Stimlulus

A

An object or even in the outside world

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2
Q

Proximal Stimulus

A

The energies from the outside world that directly reach our sense organs.

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3
Q

Psychophysics

A

an approach to perception that relates the characteristics of physical stimuli to the sensory experiences they produce.

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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The smallest quantity of a stimulus that an individual can detect at least 50% of the time.

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5
Q

Difference threshold

A

The smallest amount that a given stimulus must be increased or decreased so that individual can detect the difference.

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6
Q

Just-noticeable difference(jnd)

A

The smallest difference that an organism can reliably detect between two stimuli.

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7
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The observation that the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus.

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8
Q

Can we compare JND directly across modalities?

A

No, but with Weber’s law we can.

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9
Q

What is the ranking of the Senses in terms of Weber Fraction

A
  1. Vision (most sensitive
  2. kinesthesia
  3. Pain (thermal skin)
  4. Hearing
  5. Touch
  6. Smell
  7. Taste
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10
Q

Perceptual sensitivity is

A

An organisms ability to detect a signal

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11
Q

Decision criteria are?

A

An organism’s rule for how much evidence it needs before responding.

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12
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

The theory that perceiving ior not perceiving a stimulus is actually a judgment about whether a momentary sensory experience is due to background noise alone or to the background noise plus a signal.

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13
Q

What is a hit:

A

Signal is present and the person records a yes

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14
Q

What is a miss?

A

Person gives no signal, but signal is present.

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15
Q

What is a false alarm

A

Person says yes, but no signal is present

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16
Q

What is a correct negative.

A

Saying no, when their is no signal response

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17
Q

What is the payoff matrix

A

The pattern of benefits and costs associated with certain types of responses.

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18
Q

What have people used signal detection theory for?

A

Memory effects of hypnosis, decisions made by college admissions, medical diagnosis.

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19
Q

Why is signal detection theory important?

A

Because we often make decisions with imperfect information.

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20
Q

Sensory coding is

A

The process through which the nervous system represents the qualities of the incoming stimulus–whether auditory or visual, for example or whether a red light or a green light or a sweet tasted.

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21
Q

What is transduction?

A

The process through which a physical stimulus is converted int a signal within the nervous system.

22
Q

Ringing in the ears in the absence of environmental sound is an example of what?

A

Stimulation of the auditory nerve secondary to a lack of sound vibrations, or at least the pattern of sound waves differeing.

23
Q

What is specificity theory

A

The proposal that different sensory qualities are signaled by different quality–specific neurons. (the theory is only true in a few cases). Origins: Descartes

24
Q

Pattern theory

A

The proposal that different sensory qualities are encoded by specific patterns of firing among the relevant neurons.

25
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The process by which the sensitivity to a stimulus declines if the stimulus is presented for an extended period of time.

26
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Sensations generated by receptors in the muscles, tendons, bones and joints.

27
Q

The sensations generated by receptors in the semicircular canals of the inner ear that inform us about the head’s orientation and movements.

A

The vestibular sense

28
Q

Why do we spin due to alcohol

A

Because diffuses into the semicircular canals and effects the density and viscosity of the fluid.

29
Q

Nociceptors are:

A 
A delta fibers
C fibers (dull ache, unmyelinated)
30
Q

Emotion and Pain can be teased apart true or false

A

true.

31
Q

Pain involves more of…

A

the somatosensory cortex

32
Q

Emotion involves…

A

the anterior cingulate cortex

33
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Is a mucous membrane at the top of the nasal cavity; cntains the olfactory recptor neurons that respond to airborne molecules called odorants.

34
Q

Glomeruli are

A

Sites in the brain’s olfactor bulb where signals from smell reception converge.

35
Q

How many different types of receptors are there in the nose?

A

About 1000

36
Q

How many different odors can we detect?

A

10,0000

37
Q

Does smell rely on one glomulus per scent coding?

A

No. Smells produce a unique pattern of activation in the glomeruli

38
Q

It is often the case without smell we cannot taste the difference between, onion, chocolate, garlic, coffee etc

A

True

39
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Biologically produced odorants that convey information to other members of the species

40
Q

Are phermones significant for humans?

A

Much debate, infants can tell the smell of there mother at one week. Some aspects of human reproductive behavior are influenced by scent. i.e. menstrual synchrony.

41
Q

Papillae are..

A

The structures on the tonge that contain the taste buds, which in turn contain taste receptors.

42
Q

How many taste buds are on each papilla

A

Hundreds.

43
Q

Old vs young in # of taste receptors

A

A young child may have twice as many taste receptors.

44
Q

What are the five tastes?

A

Sweet, sourt, salty, bitter, umami

45
Q

Does each receptor respond to at least some degree to all tastants?

A

Yes, the ones the respond to the most are the preferential flavors.

46
Q

Is it possible to experience sweet without triggering ostensibly sweet taste buds.

A

Yes.

47
Q

What is conditioned taste aversion?

A

Is when an organism due to a specific experience comes to associate a particular taste with illness–and then find the flavor repulsive.

48
Q

What are supertasters and how are they identified?

A

People that have a strong ability to taste and thus are overwhelmed by very strong tastes. They are tested by putting a chemical compound called Propylthiuracil (PROP) on the tounge. Normal people do not respond. Strong tasters can.

49
Q

Sound waves are

A

Pressure varriations in the air that vary in amplitude and wavelength.

50
Q

Amplitude is

A

The height of a wave crest, used (in the case of sound waves) as a measure of sound intensity.

51
Q

Frequency is

A

The number of wave peaks per second. In sound, frequency governs the perceived pitch of the sound.

52
Q

Amplitude and frequency respond to what dimensions of human subjective experince?

A

Loudness and pitch

Famous Things in Psychology (18 decks)

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