Semester B Unit 6

Question 1

1. Which areas of the Western Hemisphere make up Latin America? How many independent nations are in Latin America and why is this region called Latin America?

Answer 1

The central and southern parts of the Western Hemisphere, including Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean islands, and the continent of South America make up the area
called Latin America. There are 35 independent nations. The area is called Latin America because it was colonized mainly by Spain and Portugal, whose languages descended from Latin.

Question 2

2. What type of government did Brazil adopt after independence? The new Latin American nations became republics in name; why didn’t they develop into democracies?

Answer 2

Brazil became a constitutional monarchy. The new Latin American nations did not develop into democracies partly because Spain and Portugal had never encouraged the development of representative institutions in their colonies.

Question 3

3. Which colonial legacies remained in the newly independent Latin American nations?

Answer 3

• Most of the wealth remained in the hands of a minority of large landowners.
• Military strongmen known as caudillos used social unrest as an excuse to seize political power.
• Strong racial divisions remained; whites discriminated against the Indians, who lived in isolated, impoverished communities; mixed-race mestizos held a position between the whites and Indians and could sometimes rise through ambition and hard work.
• A white minority dominated government and commerce.
• Catholicism remained the dominant religion.

Question 4

4. What are developing nations? Why did Latin America enter the twentieth century as a region of developing nations?

Answer 4

Developing nations are countries with low levels of industry and commerce, where a majority of the people live in poverty. During the nineteenth century, the economies of Latin American nations remained rooted in agriculture. Because a small minority owned most of the land for farming, wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few, leaving the majority of the people in poverty

Question 5

5. How was Latin America affected by the worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s?

Answer 5

Some Latin American nations exported agricultural products to the developed countries of Europe and North America. The Great Depression of the 1930s drove down demand for agricultural products, and the value of Latin American exports fell by nearly half. Across the region, more people fell into poverty

Question 6

6. What did Latin American leaders try to do to remake their own economies after World War II? Why?

Answer 6

Latin American leaders realized that their countries had depended too much on agriculture, so they promoted the growth of industry and manufactured goods at home. They believed that by manufacturing goods they could end trade deficits and make their nations more self-sufficient.

Question 7

7. What effect did the growth of industry have on the Latin American society?

Answer 7

To get the factories built, Latin American businessmen often had to look to developed countries for technical knowledge and investment capital. Latin American economies remained dependent on the economies of the wealthier developed nations, which fueled resentment and a growing sense of nationalism. Millions of poor people left their rural homes and flocked to the cities in the hope of finding well-paying jobs in factories. Latin American cities grew rapidly, and many migrants from the countryside found that not enough jobs were available in the cities, and most lacked the skills to perform the ones that were.

Question 8

8. What led to political unrest in many Latin American nations in the 1950s?

Answer 8

Social inequality and widespread poverty fueled political unrest. Those in power resisted reform, and violent rebellions broke out in some countries.

Question 9

9. Why did the United States intervene in several Latin American nations during the Cold War era? Give two examples of U.S. intervention in Latin America.

Answer 9

The United States had sometimes intervened in Latin American countries where political turmoil threatened American business or political interests. In 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States used a naval blockade of Cuba to force the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson sent U.S. troops to the Dominican Republic because he feared that fighting among political factions might bring an anti-American group to power, and he would not allow another communist government in the Western Hemisphere. Other presidents intervened in Chile, Nicaragua, and elsewhere when communism or socialism threatened to emerge.

Question 10

10. What is liberation theology and how did it relate to the changing role of the Catholic Church in Latin America in the postwar era?

Answer 10

Liberation theology is the belief that Christians should work on behalf of the poor and oppressed. In the 1970s, some Catholic priests and nuns in Latin America practiced a form of liberation theology and began demanding reform in the name of workers and peasants. The head of the country’s Catholic Church, Archbishop Oscar Romero, proclaimed the right of the poor to organize and defend themselves.

Question 11

https://docs.google.com/document/d/111qdoh2mCEQcYoz14SgPv0AHGQa9j2M2fRmPuuiTHGs/edit

Question 12

3. Why did dictators rise to power in much of Latin America?

Answer 12

Economic and political instability, social inequality, and poverty in Latin America led to political unrest. Many Latin Americans wanted political and social reforms and some military leaders promised to enact beneficial reforms. Some other military leaders imposed harsh and oppressive measures on the people to gain and maintain power.

Question 13

1. Various international organizations helped Latin American nations make the transition to democracy. Describe how the following organizations helped Latin American nations.
   (a) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
   Answer:
   (b) Organization of American States (OAS):
   Answer:

Answer 13

IMF
The IMF offered loans to Latin American countries that promised to make reforms that encouraged free-market economies, for example, by lowering tariffs and selling government industries to private investors.
OAS
Founded in the 1940s to encourage regional cooperation, in the 1990s, the OAS focused on promoting democracy. For example, the OAS sent observers to member states to see that elections were conducted fairly.

Question 14

2. Which Central American nation established the most successful and longest-lived democracy in Latin America? How was this country able to achieve this status?

Answer 14

Costa Rica achieved the status of having the most successful and longest-live democracy in Latin America because the country pursued a democratic and peaceful road to development. Costa Rica’s president abolished its army

Question 15

3. What helped Nicaragua and El Salvador experience peaceful, democratic transitions of government?

Answer 15

Holding free elections has helped both countries. Former guerrilla groups have transformed themselves into political parties, and the people have elected their leaders.

Question 16

4. Give examples as to why many Latin American dictatorships failed in the late twentieth century.

Answer 16

In Argentina, the military government had badly mismanaged the economy and lost popularity among the people. In Brazil, mounting economic problems caused the military dictatorship to give up power in 1985. In Chile, General Pinochet stepped down in 1990, after a nationwide voted showed his lack of support from the people.

Question 17

5. Which two Latin American nations continue to have a dictatorship style of government?

Answer 17

In Cuba, the Communist Party retains control. In Venezuela, President Hugo Chavez has acted more and more like a dictator.

Question 18

6. Why did the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) remain in power for so long?

Answer 18

Oftentimes, the voting was rigged to ensure a PRI victory. PRI candidates bribed poor citizens to win their votes. Sometimes, supporters of opposition parties were murdered.

Question 19

7. In 1992, Mexico, Canada, and the United States signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).What was the purpose of this agreement and did the agreement meet any resistance in the three countries it affected?

Answer 19

The goal of the agreement was to improve the economies of all three nations by encouraging commerce. In Mexico, nationalist politicians argued that the agreement weakened Mexico, while labor unions protested that their members would lose jobs because of competition from cheaper foreign imports.

Question 20

8. What are some of the ongoing issues that Latin American nations have struggled to address?

Answer 20

Some of the greatest challenges include urban poverty and the violence associated with the drug trade.

Question 21

9. When the Cold War ended, the drug trade became one of the main concerns for the U.S. government in its relations with Latin America. What has the United States done to help Latin American nations stop the flow of drug trade?

Answer 21

In 1989, the U.S. invaded Panama to overthrow Manuel Noriega, who engaged in drug trafficking. The American government has given Colombia some $5 billion in aid to destroy crops of coca, the plant from which cocaine is made. The United States has also provided military assistance to the Colombian armed forces to fight guerrilla groups that support themselves by smuggling drugs. The United States has given millions of dollars to Mexico’s military and police to assist in their war on drug cartels.

Question 22

10. What are some of the problems Latin American nations have in agriculture?

Answer 22

Poor farmers have been crowded out of land ownership by powerful agribusinesses. In Peru and Brazil, desperate farmers have cleared land in protected rain forests, causing severe damage to the environment. As farmers have planted more crops to sell for export, less land is planted with food crops, causing food prices to go up

Question 23

13. What are the major urban problems in large Latin American cities?

Answer 23

People are crowded together in shanty towns that have no running water, sewers, or electricity; high crime rates, water shortages, and air pollution are some of the urban problems found in Latin American cities.

Question 24

15. Despite the embrace of democracy and the spread of free market reforms, what are the two major problems that Latin America continues to face?

Answer 24

Poverty and inequality are two stubborn problems that Latin America continues to face

Question 25

2. What was the goal of Mao’s Great Leap Forward?

Answer 25

to modernize China within 15 years

Question 26

3. During the Great Leap Forward the following occurred: * Factor managers drove their machines and workers to the point of ______________. * Nearly the entire rural population was forced into gigantic farming ______________, where they were subject to military-style discipline. They were worked mercilessly.

Answer 26

* Factor managers drove their machines and workers to the point of BREAKDOWN. * Nearly the entire rural population was forced into gigantic farming COMMUNES, where they were subject to military-style discipline. They were worked mercilessly.

Question 27

4. Two important results of the Great Leap Forward were: * At least ____ million Chinese starved to death from a man-made famine. * The close alliance between the Chinese and the _______________ came to an end.

Answer 27

* At least 20 million Chinese starved to death from a man-made famine. * The close alliance between the Chinese and the SOVIETS came to an end.

Question 28

5. Mao’s goal in launching the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was to stamp out any trace of ____________________ in China and to destroy the allegiance of the Chinese to their traditional culture, especially the ancient philosophy of ___________________.

Answer 28

Mao’s goal in launching the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was to stamp out any trace of CAPITALISM in China and to destroy the allegiance of the Chinese to their traditional culture, especially the ancient philosophy of CONFUCIANISM.

Question 29

7. After Mao died, Deng Xiaoping began to modernize in four areas—agriculture, industry, technology, and defense. The Chinese Communist Party refused, however, to allow a fifth modernization that was called for by dissidents. What was it?

Answer 29

Democracy

Question 30

8. How did the Chinese government respond to the growing democracy movement in the late 1980s?

Answer 30

The government crushed it; for example, the government sent tanks and troops to stop student protestors in Tiananmen Square.

Question 31

9. After Mao Zedong’s death in 1976, life in China changed in some respects and stayed the same in others. Explain whether life changed or stayed the same politically and economically. (a) Politics (b) Economics

Answer 31

POLITICS People still cannot vote in a free election, criticize their government, or worship if and as they please ECONOMICS The government has allowed greater economic freedom. This has resulted in a growing middle class that dresses in Western clothes and can afford consumer goods like televisions and personal computers.

Question 32

1. Complete the following table to explain the reasons for India’s partition and the political and social result. India’s Partition Cause India’s population included Hindus and Muslims. The Muslims, who were a _______________, believed the Hindus would not share power with them or grant them equal rights. Effect The British partitioned India. Social and Political Outcomes

Answer 32

CAUSE India’s population included Hindus and Muslims. The Muslims, who were a MINORITY, believed the Hindus would not share power with them or grant them equal rights. EFFECT The British partitioned India. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL OUTCOMES Two new countries: India with a Hindu majority and Pakistan with a Muslim majority; the fighting caused at least a million deaths and millions became refugees

Question 33

2. Jawaharlal Nehru committed himself to Gandhi’s campaign of passive resistance in the 1920s. In 1929, he became the leader of the Congress Party and worked toward Indian independence. Nehru became India’s first prime minister in 1947. As prime minister, he did the following: * Emphasized the need for national __________ and a respect for democracy * Helped pass laws forbidding discrimination against the __________________ of India’s caste system * Worked to improve the status of _______________, who were given the right to vote, hold office, and inherit property * Reorganized India’s economy on _______________ principles (the government took over major industries and most agricultural production) * Pursued a policy of __________________, and refused to take sides in the Cold War

Answer 33

* Emphasized the need for national UNITY and a respect for democracy * Helped pass laws forbidding discrimination against the "UNTOUCHABLES" of India’s caste system * Worked to improve the status of WOMEN, who were given the right to vote, hold office, and inherit property * Reorganized India’s economy on SOCIALIST principles (the government took over major industries and most agricultural production) * Pursued a policy of NONALIGNMENT, and refused to take sides in the Cold War

Question 34

3. Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, served as India’s prime minister for four terms throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. She continued the socialist economic policies of Nehru, was found guilty of _________________, assumed almost dictatorial powers, and dealt with a growing independence movement among the Sikhs.

Answer 34

3. Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, served as India’s prime minister for four terms throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. She continued the socialist economic policies of Nehru, was found guilty of CORRUPTION, assumed almost dictatorial powers, and dealt with a growing independence movement among the Sikhs.

Question 35

5. The partition of India in 1947 created a divided Islamic nation of Pakistan, made up of West Pakistan and East Pakistan. The government, concentrated in __________ Pakistan, largely ignored the east. In 1971, East Pakistan declared itself an independent state called _______________. A civil war followed. India helped Bangladesh secure its independence. Bangladesh became a struggling _______________ and remains one of the poorest nations in the world.

Answer 35

The partition of India in 1947 created a divided Islamic nation of Pakistan, made up of West Pakistan and East Pakistan. The government, concentrated in WESTPakistan, largely ignored the east. In 1971, East Pakistan declared itself an independent state called BANGLADESH. A civil war followed. India helped Bangladesh secure its independence. Bangladesh became a struggling DEMOCRACY and remains one of the poorest nations in the world.

Question 36

6. Briefly describe the following three issues Pakistan has faced throughout its history. (a) Democracy Answer: (b) Ethnic groups Answer: (c) Islam Answer:

Answer 36

DEMOCRACY Democracy never fully took hold; alternated with military rule ETHNIC GROUPS Conflict between various ethnic groups ISLAM Conflict between people who want a strict Islamic government and those who want separation between state and religion

Question 37

9. Why did Great Britain create East Pakistan as part of the partition of India?

Answer 37

It is inhabited mostly by Muslims

Question 38

10. When did East Pakistan become Bangladesh?

Answer 38

1971

Question 39

1. ________________________ was a Vietnamese nationalist and communist who fought to free Vietnam from _________________ rule.

Answer 39

HO CHI MINH was a Vietnamese nationalist and communist who fought to free Vietnam from FRENCH rule.

Question 39

2. The peace conference that ended fighting in French Indochina divided the former French colony into three countries—Laos, ____________________, and Vietnam—and temporarily divided Vietnam into two parts, one communist and one noncommunist.

Answer 39

The peace conference that ended fighting in French Indochina divided the former French colony into three countries—Laos, CAMBODIA, and Vietnam—and temporarily divided Vietnam into two parts, one communist and one noncommunist.

Question 40

3. Why did the United States want to keep Ngo Dinh Diem in power in South Vietnam?

Answer 40

Ngo Dinh Diem was anticommunist, and the United States was worried about communism spreading in Asia.

Question 41

4. Write the name of the person next to the statement that best describes him. Lyndon Johnson Ho Chi Min John F. Kennedy Ngo Dinh Diem Richard Nixon _______________________ U.S. President under whose administration the Vietnam War ended _______________________ Ruler of South Vietnam until 1963 _______________________ Ruler of North Vietnam _______________________ U.S. president who first sent large numbers of military advisors to Vietnam _______________________ U.S. president who escalated the war in Vietnam

Answer 41

RICHARD NIXON U.S. President under whose administration the Vietnam War ended NGO DINH DIEM Ruler of South Vietnam until 1963 HO CHI MINH Ruler of North Vietnam JOHN F KENNEDY: U.S. president who first sent large numbers of military advisors to Vietnam LYNDON JOHNSON U.S. president who escalated the war in Vietnam

Question 42

5. The beginnings of the Vietnam War can be traced back to Ho Chi Minh’s decision to support and supply a group of southern communists, known as the ____________________, in their attempt to overthrow the government in South Vietnam.

Answer 42

The beginnings of the Vietnam War can be traced back to Ho Chi Minh’s decision to support and supply a group of southern communists, known as the VIET CONG, in their attempt to overthrow the government in South Vietnam.

Question 43

8. What was the result of the communist dictatorship that existed in Cambodia in the 1970s?

Answer 43

One of the worst mass slaughters in modern times occurred—at least 1.5 million people died.

Question 43

7. Complete the following table to describe Vietnam’s current political and economic situation. Vietnam Today Economic Situation * Has a sizable ________________ class. * Main trading partner is ________________. Political Situation * Communist Party remains firmly in control and tolerates no ________________.

Answer 43

ECONOMIC SITUATION * Has a sizable MIDDLE class. * Main trading partner is THE US. * POVERTY remains a widespread problem. POLITICAL SITUATION * Communist Party remains firmly in control and tolerates no DISSENT.

Question 44

9. What did the military dictatorship of Myanmar do in 1988 in response to widespread demonstrations?

Answer 44

It forcefully suppressed the protests, killing thousands.

Question 45

10. Complete the following table to describe Indonesia’s economic progress and ongoing conflicts. Economic Progress Economy revived by the following: * Encouraging foreign ________________ * Developing an _______________ industry Ethnic and Religious Conflicts * World’s ________________ most populous country * Home to more than _________________ different ethnic groups * Experiences conflicts based on _________________ and ethnic divisions

Answer 45

ECONOMIC PROGRESS Economy revived by the following: * Encouraging foreign INVESTMENTS * Developing an OIL industry ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS * World’s POPULOUS most populous country * Home to more than 300 different ethnic groups * Experiences conflicts based on RELIGIOUS and ethnic divisions

Question 46

1. What motivated the United States to help rebuild Japan after World War II?

Answer 46

The United States wanted an ally against the spread of communism in East Asia.

Question 47

2. General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of the American occupation forces in Japan, reformed Japan’s political landscape in three ways: * He disbanded the Japanese ____________________. * He removed all wartime leaders from power. * He forced the Japanese to accept a new _____________________.

Answer 47

* He disbanded the Japanese MILITARY. * He removed all wartime leaders from power. * He forced the Japanese to accept a new CONSTITUTION.

Question 48

3. What helped revive Japan’s economy beginning in 1950? Why?

Answer 48

The Korean War; Unemployment dropped and wages rose as the Japanese rebuilt their factories to make supplies for the American fighting forces in Korea.

Question 49

4. What effect did the strong work ethic of the Japanese people have on their country's economic revival?

Answer 49

It helped productivity soar

Question 50

5. By the 1970s, Japan had achieved a level of prosperity comparable to that of _____________________ or _______________________.

Answer 50

5. By the 1970s, Japan had achieved a level of prosperity comparable to that of THE US or WESTERN EUROPE.

Question 51

What kind of economy did North Korea’s dictator, Kim Il Sung, institute after the Korean War?

Answer 51

a command economy

Question 52

8. In terms of its economy, how has North Korea differed from other communist countries in Asia, such as China and Vietnam?

Answer 52

It did not liberalize its economy. (It remained a command economy; other Asian countries developed market economies.)

Question 53

9. From 1960 to 1987, South Korea was ruled by military _______________________.

Answer 53

9. From 1960 to 1987, South Korea was ruled by military DICTATORS.

Question 54

10. Briefly explain why South Korea’s economy prospered after the Korean War.

Answer 54

The government strongly promoted economic growth. It encouraged savings over consumption, and it emphasized the education of the workforce.

Question 55

11. In terms of its economy, what is the key difference between the Philippines and many of its East Asian neighbors?

Answer 55

The Philippines has remained largely agricultural, whereas many East Asian countries industrialized rapidly after World War II.

Question 56

1. What were some of the severe challenges that many African nations faced as they became independent?

Answer 56

Ethnic divisions, repressive rulers, lingering poverty, and unstable governments and economies were some of the severe challenges that many African nations faced.

Question 57

2. Many African nationalist leaders invoked the UN Declaration of Human Rights. What basic principle of the UN Declaration of Human Rights did they use in their arguments for independence?

Answer 57

The basic principle is that all nations should rule themselves

Question 58

1. Tens of thousands of Rwandans and Sudanese have been the victims of campaigns of genocide. What is genocide?

Answer 58

Genocide is the attempted extermination of a whole people

Question 59

4. To what do some historians attribute the success of Botswana’s democracy?

Answer 59

Some historians attribute the success of Botswana’s democracy to native traditions of limited government that existed before the arrival of the British.

Question 60

5. Africa’s poverty has numerous causes. Complete the table by filling in the causes of each given consequence, or the consequence of the given cause. The colonial powers saw the continent solely as a source of raw materials. _____

Answer 60

The colonial powers saw the continent solely as a source of raw materials. Africa did not experience the industrial revolution that brought prosperity to Europe

Question 61

5. Africa’s poverty has numerous causes. Complete the table by filling in the causes of each given consequence, or the consequence of the given cause. _____ The economies of the newly independent nations were fragile.

Answer 61

The newly independent nations relied on one or two exports. The economies of the newly independent nations were fragile.

Question 62

5. Africa’s poverty has numerous causes. Complete the table by filling in the causes of each given consequence, or the consequence of the given cause. _____ Some nations did not receive the much-needed aid sent from developed nations.

Answer 62

Aid sent by some developed nations disappeared in to the bank accounts of corrupt dictators. Some nations did not receive the much-needed aid sent from developed nations.

Question 63

5. Africa’s poverty has numerous causes. Complete the table by filling in the causes of each given consequence, or the consequence of the given cause. _____ Governments struggled to feed, house, and educate their people.

Answer 63

Rapid population growth Governments struggled to feed, house, and educate their people.

Question 64

6. What are the two most devastating diseases in Africa today?

Answer 64

Malaria and AIDS are the two most devastating diseases in Africa today.

Question 65

1. Why is the Middle East usually considered a single region?

Answer 65

For centuries most of people have shared a common culture; many of the people speak Arabic and they share the Islamic religion.

Question 66

3. Give examples of how nationalism played a role in bringing changes to the Middle East.

Answer 66

Nationalism prompted some European Jews to start a movement called Zionism. The Zionists called for the Jews to return to their ancestral homeland in Palestine, which they called Israel. In 1948, the new Jewish state of Israel came into being. In 1952, a group of nationalist army officers overthrew the king of Egypt. The leader of the group, Gamal Abdel Nasser, forced the British to agree to withdraw their troops from the Suez Canal zone. By seizing the Suez Canal, Nasser unleashed a powerful new spirit of nationalism among the Arab people.

Question 67

Why is the U.S. government interested in what happens in the Middle East?

Answer 67

The United States consumes much more oil than it produces and needs to import oil from other countries. The Middle East produces a lot of oil.

Question 68

6. What is the concern today among some people regarding Iran and its Islamic government?

Answer 68

There is concern that Iran has developed, or will develop, nuclear weapons. Many believe that a nucleararmed Iran would threaten the existence of Israel, a nation that Iranian leaders have vowed to destroy.

Question 69

7. Complete the following to trace Saddam Hussein’s rise to power in Iraq. * Hussein becomes the leader of the _________ Party and deputy to the Iraqi president. * He leads an ambitious program to ______________ Iraq * He forces Iraq’s president out of office and eliminates his rivals in the Baath Party.

Answer 69

* Hussein becomes the leader of the BAATH Party and deputy to the Iraqi president. * He leads an ambitious program to MODERNIZE Iraq * He forces Iraq’s president out of office and eliminates his rivals in the Baath Party.

Question 70

8. During his rule, Saddam Hussein did the following: * Discriminated against _____________ Muslims—Iraq’s majority * Invaded Iran to overthrow Khomeini and seize Iran’s ___________________

Answer 70

* Discriminated against SHIITE Muslims—Iraq’s majority * Invaded Iran to overthrow Khomeini and seize Iran’s OILFIELDS

Question 71

9. What was the cause of the Persian Gulf War of 1991?

Answer 71

Iraq had invaded Kuwait, and some believed that Hussein would attack Saudi Arabia. A coalition of 39 countries demanded that Iraq pull out of Kuwait. Hussein refused to withdraw. The United States led coalition forces to militarily force Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.

Question 72

10. Why did President George H.W. Bush decide not to continue into Baghdad and remove Saddam Hussein from power?

Answer 72

The main reason was that U.S. Middle Eastern allies strongly opposed the idea of Western forces overthrowing an Arab government and occupying a Muslim nation.

Question 73

1. What is terrorism?

Answer 73

Terrorism is the planned use of violence to strike fear into people or governments in order to obtain political goals.

Question 74

2. Complete the following sentences to trace the rise of Islamism in the Middle East. * The discovery of _______________ in the Middle East brings wealth to the region, but it remains concentrated in the hands of a ______________; most continue to live in poverty. * Some Muslims believe that their nations are in decline because their leaders have failed to follow the traditional teachings and laws of ______________. * Islamists accuse the U.S. government of meddling in ________________ affairs, trying to control the region’s oil, and supporting regimes friendly to the United States. * Some Islamists vow to rid the region of ______________ influence, destroy Israel, and replace secular regimes with strict _________________ rule.

Answer 74

* The discovery of OIL in the Middle East brings wealth to the region, but it remains concentrated in the hands of a FEW; most continue to live in poverty. * Some Muslims believe that their nations are in decline because their leaders have failed to follow the traditional teachings and laws of ISLAM. * Islamists accuse the U.S. government of meddling in ARAB affairs, trying to control the region’s oil, and supporting regimes friendly to the United States. * Some Islamists vow to rid the region of WESTERN influence, destroy Israel, and replace secular regimes with strict ISLAMIC rule.

Question 75

3. Four Islamist groups have used terrorism in the Middle East to try and achieve their goals. Provide one fact about each of these groups. (a) Hezbollah Answer: (b) Hamas Answer: (c) Taliban Answer: (d) al-Queda Answer:

Answer 75

HEZBOLLAH Means “Party of God;” Shiite group in Lebanon; formed in response to Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 1982; pioneered the use of suicide bombers. HAMAS Formed among Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza; means “zeal;” pledged itself to the destruction of Israel; acted as a social service organization in occupied territories. TALIBAN Seized power in Afghanistan; imposed a radically strict version of Islamic law; instituted harsh punishments; suppressed all women’s rights; supported al-Qaeda. AL-QUEDA Means “the base;” founded by Osama bin Laden; goals were to destroy Israel and topple pro-Western governments in the Middle East; organized several attacks against Americans and their allies; planned and financed the September 11 attacks.

Question 76

4. Complete the following table to provide facts about the events of September 11, 2001. Some information has been provided for you. THE TERRORISTS Who were they? What was their plan?

Answer 76

WHO WERE THEY? Islamic extremists financed by Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda WHAT WAS THEIR PLAN? To crash passenger planes into buildings and kill Americans

Question 77

4. Complete the following table to provide facts about the events of September 11, 2001. Some information has been provided for you. THE TARGETS Cities: New York, Washington D.C., Arlington, VA What buildings were targeted?

Answer 77

WHAT BUILDINGS WERE TARGETED? World Trade Center; the Pentagon; possibly the White House or Capitol

Question 78

4. Complete the following table to provide facts about the events of September 11, 2001. Some information has been provided for you. THE CRASHES What was the first crash? The second crash was one of the towers of the WTC. What was the third crash? What was the fourth crash?

Answer 78

WHAT WAS THE FIRST CRASH? One of the towers of the WTC WHAT WAS THE THIRD CRASH? The Pentagon WHAT WAS THE FOURTH CRASH? A field in Pennsylvania

Question 79

4. Complete the following table to provide facts about the events of September 11, 2001. Some information has been provided for you. THE RESULTS What happened to the World Trade Center? What happened to the Pentagon? How many deaths were there?

Answer 79

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE WORLD TRADE CENTER? Both towers collapsed WHAT HAPPENED TO THE PENTAGON? Damaged HOW MANY DEATHS WERE THERE? Nearly 3,000

Question 80

5. How did U.S. president George W. Bush respond to the September 11 attacks?

Answer 80

He declared that America would wage a “war on terror.” He also said that any nation harboring terrorists would be regarded as an enemy

Question 81

6. When the Taliban refused to hand over bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders, the United States, along with several allied nations, launched an invasion of Afghanistan. What did U.S.-led forces do while in Afghanistan?

Answer 81

They joined with Afghan rebels to overthrow the Taliban government.

Question 82

7. What factors led to the decision by the United States to invade Iraq?

Answer 82

The U.S. government was concerned about future terrorist threats, and Saddam Hussein had harbored terrorists in the past. They also believed that he was stockpiling chemical and biological weapons. Hussein refused to allow UN inspectors to examine suspected weapons sites.

Question 83

8. After Saddam Hussein was overthrown, why did Iraq fall into chaos instead of becoming a stable democracy?

Answer 83

Long-simmering hatred between Sunni and Shiite Muslims boiled over, and both groups formed militias to fight each other. Militant Islamists battled Western occupiers in the country, killing both U.S. troops and Iraqi civilians