Semester B Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
- During the Middle Ages, why did philosophers who studied the natural world rely on explanations that had been accepted since ancient Greek and Roman times? What made Renaissance thinkers question the ideas of the ancient times?
A
Because ancient thinkers were viewed as authorities to be trusted, not questioned; they were charged with a new spirit of inquiry
2
Q
- What was the Scientific Revolution of the mid-1500s and 1600s?
A
It was an era when scholars changed their attitudes and practices by questioning traditional ideas and opinions. They used observation, careful experimentation, and mathematical reasoning to better understand the workings of nature.
3
Q
- What is the scientific method? Describe the major steps of the scientific method.
A
Procedures used to find answers by experimenting, observing, and drawing conclusions.
Observing and gathering data; making a hypothesis to explain the observations; experimenting to test the hypothesis; collecting and analyzing the data from the experiments; and drawing conclusions that may either confirm or deny the original hypothesis.
4
Q
- Describe the work of the major contributors to the Scientific Revolution by completing the following table.
ANDREAS VESALIUS
Occupation or Field of Study
Contributions or Discoveries
A
Physician and anatomy; He published On the Structure of the Human Body, which gave the first accurate and detailed picture of human anatomy.
5
Q
- Describe the work of the major contributors to the Scientific Revolution by completing the following table.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
Occupation or Field of Study
Contributions or Discoveries
A
Astronomy and mathematics; In his book, On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, he describes the idea that the earth, along with the other planets, revolves around the sun.
6
Q
- Describe the work of the major contributors to the Scientific Revolution by completing the following table.
JOHANNES KEPLER
Occupation or Field of Study
Contributions or Discoveries
A
Astronomy and mathematics; He showed that the planets do not travel in perfectly circular orbits but in elliptical ones. He also made other important discoveries about planetary motion.
7
Q
- Describe the work of the major contributors to the Scientific Revolution by completing the following table.
FRANCIS BACON
Occupation or Field of Study
Contributions or Discoveries
A
Lawyer, statesman, writer, and philosopher; In his book, Novum Organum, he stressed that scholars must stop citing ancient authorities such as Aristotle to gain true scientific understanding. He believed that the path to new knowledge was by way
of inductive reasoning, and he insisted on conducting repeated observations and practical experiments.
8
Q
- Describe the work of the major contributors to the Scientific Revolution by completing the following table.
RENé DESCARTES
Occupation or Field of Study
Contributions or Discoveries
A
philosopher and mathematics; He developed the Cartesian coordinate system, which
locates a point where two lines meet. He is often called the father of modern mathematics. He created analytic geometry and devised ways to refine
mathematical proofs and simplify algebraic calculations.
9
Q
- Describe the work of the major contributors to the Scientific Revolution by completing the following table.
GALILEO GALILEI
Occupation or Field of Study
Contributions or Discoveries
A
Astronomy and mathematics; He designed scientific instruments, including a new
kind of thermometer, an improved compass, and a more powerful telescope. He disproved Ptolemy’s theory that the moon had a smooth surface, and confirmed the ideas of Copernicus. He discovered four moons orbiting the planet Jupiter, and described the things he observed through his telescope in his book The Starry Messenger
10
Q
- Describe the work of the major contributors to the Scientific Revolution by completing the following table.
ISAAC NEWTON
Occupation or Field of Study
Contributions or Discoveries
A
Physics and mathematics; He developed the theory of universal gravitation, which explains the force that keeps the moon in its orbit around the earth and the planets in their orbits around the sun. He performed experiments on the nature of light. In his book, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, he explained the three laws of
motion. He also invented calculus, which described he movements of the planets more accurately.
11
Q
- Describe the work of the major contributors to the Scientific Revolution by completing the following table.
ANTOINE LAVOISIER
Occupation or Field of Study
Contributions or Discoveries
A
Scientist; He showed that oxygen is essential to both respiration and combustion. He also demonstrated that water is made up of a combination of oxygen and the element called hydrogen.
12
Q
- How did the attitudes of the Scientific Revolution influence the political, economic, and social thought?
A
Thinkers began to wonder if the principles behind the Scientific Revolution could be applied to questions of politics, economics, and society. They thought that if laws govern the physical world, these laws or principles might also apply to the social world—the world of human activity and government. So they began to practice the idea that human reason could solve human problems.
13
Q
- Identify the Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas and accomplishments by completing the following tables
GOVERNMENT
Thomas Hobbes
A
He published Leviathan. He saw human beings as naturally violent and selfish. He believed that only an extremely powerful government could keep people in line and prevent them from hurting each other.
14
Q
- Identify the Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas and accomplishments by completing the following tables
GOVERNMENT
John Locke
A
He published Two Treatises of Government. He believed that is the government’s job to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. If the government robs people of those rights, then the people have a right to revolt.
15
Q
- Identify the Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas and accomplishments by completing the following tables
GOVERNMENT
Baron de Montesquieu
A
Author of The Spirit of Laws; he believed that the best way to protect liberty was to separate a government’s powers into three branches: a legislative branch, an executive branch, and a judicial branch. His writings influenced the creation of the Constitution of the United States.
16
Q
- Identify the Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas and accomplishments by completing the following tables
GOVERNMENT
Voltaire
A
He mocked the French government and admired the English system of government. As a deist, he believed in the existence of a creator God who had made the universe then left it to run on its own according to the laws of nature. He believed that people should be free to use reason and make up their own minds about religion, politics, and philosophy. He believed the best government would be ruled by an enlightened monarch, guided by advisers using reason.
17
Q
- Identify the Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas and accomplishments by completing the following tables
GOVERNMENT
Denis Diderot
A
He published a massive collection that would organize all knowledge. The collection was called Encyclopédie and was instrumental in the spread of Enlightenment ideas.
18
Q
- Identify the Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas and accomplishments by completing the following tables
SOCIETY AND ECONOMICS
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A
Author of Discourse on the Origins of Inequality and The Social Contract; he believed that reason made people cold and unsympathetic to others. He thought that by setting aside individual self-interest for the sake of the “general will,” people would be working for the collective good of a community that would enhance rights and freedoms.
19
Q
- Identify the Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas and accomplishments by completing the following tables
SOCIETY AND ECONOMICS
Mary Wollstonecraft
A
She published A Vindication of the Rights of Women. She believed that women should have the same opportunities for education as men and that women should be encouraged to work as doctors, politicians, businesspeople, and in other jobs assumed to be men’s works.
20
Q
- Identify the Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas and accomplishments by completing the following tables
SOCIETY AND ECONOMICS
Adam Smith
A
In his The Wealth of Nations, he said that people are driven by self-interest. He also said that competition helps purchasers get the best price and causes the most efficient business to survive.
21
Q
- Who were the philosophes?
A
They were Enlightenment thinkers in eighteenth-century France who often criticized France’s government as corrupt and unjust. They ridiculed many religious beliefs and practices as superstitions that went against reason.
22
Q
- What was Smith’s opinion of government involvement in economic policies? What term was used to describe this doctrine?
A
Smith believed that government should adopt a hands-off policy and allow the natural laws of the economy to proceed freely. This doctrine—that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy—came to be known as laissez-faire.
23
Q
- What is neoclassism?
A
arts, architecture, and literature that had certain qualities of the Greek and Roman classics, such as harmony, order, and balance, but also appealed to reason and intellect of the Enlightenment
24
Q
- How did the ideas of the Enlightenment influence the arts and literature?
A
The ideas of the Enlightenment gave artists and writers the freedom to use styles from the classical period. Neoclassical art, architecture, literature, and music emphasize the values of order, balance, and clarity.
25
1. Explain the causes of the American Revolution by completing the following table.
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
Britain faced an enormous debt due to the French and Indian War.
Britain needed to find ways to make money.
26
1. Explain the causes of the American Revolution by completing the following table.
TAXES ON GOODS
Parliament passed laws requiring colonist to pay new taxes on goods such as sugar, paper, and tea.
Colonists refused to buy the imported British goods.
27
1. Explain the causes of the American Revolution by completing the following table.
PROTESTS
Colonists did not want to pay new taxes because they had no representation in Parliament.
Organized protests and militias sprang up in the colonies
28
1. Explain the causes of the American Revolution by completing the following table.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Inspired by John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration, explaining the reasons for the colonies’ separation and why the colonies had the right to be free and independent states.
29
1. Explain the causes of the American Revolution by completing the following table.
PAINE'S COMMON SENSE
Paine argued that it was not reasonable for Great Britain to rule the colonies.
Paine’s words helped the colonists realize the need for a complete break from Britain.
30
1. Explain the causes of the American Revolution by completing the following table.
THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763
The proclamation stated that colonists must stay east of the Appalachian Mountains. This was a disappointment for those who wanted to go west.
31
2. Describe the British army and the Continental army during the American Revolution.
British - twice as many troops; well-trained and hired a lot of German mercenaries
Continental - ordinary men, with little training or experience; infighting; refusal to take orders; little equipment, no pay
32
3. Who was the commander of the Continental army?
George Washington
33
Define mercenary.
Soldiers for hire
34
Define tories.
American colonists who remained loyal to the king
35
5. Which battle was the turning point of the war? Why?
Battle of Saratoga; convinced France to send troops to the Americans
36
6. Why was an alliance with the French so important? How did it help the Americans win the war?
They had a powerful navy; protected ports of northern colonies, at Yorktown, American and French forces surrounded the British and cut off their escape by sea,
which caused the British commander to surrender.
37
7. Identify elements of Enlightenment ideas in the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution by completing the following table.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
* All men are created equal.
* Men have unalienable rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
* Governments are established to protect these unalienable rights.
* Governments obtain their powers from the consent of the people.
* If a government takes away those unalienable rights, the people have a right to change or abolish it, and establish a new government.
38
7. Identify elements of Enlightenment ideas in the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution by completing the following table.
U.S. CONSTITUTION
* A separation of powers
* A system of government with three branches
* A system of checks and balances
* Guaranteed individual rights – Bill of Rights
* Governments obtain their powers from the consent of the people.
39
8. Describe some of the differences between the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution.
Articles of Confederation was weak, while the U.S. Constitution was strong; Articles of Confederation did not have an executive branch, while the Constitution did
40
9. Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?
to address the concerns of several leaders that the new government would not give enough protection to individual and state rights
41
10. What is the significance and impact of the U.S. Constitution as the world’s longest-lived written plan for government?
The significance is that a government could be based on a constitution that reflects the will of the people. The U.S. Constitution became a model for many governments throughout the world.
42
1. In the late 1700s, how was French society organized?
Into three rigid classes, or estates
43
2. What kinds of people made up the First, Second, and Third estates?
First estate is the clergy, second estate are the nobles, third estate is the rest
44
3. How did the privileges of the members of the Third Estate differ from those of the First and Second, and how did those differences contribute to unrest in France?
Members of the First and Second estates had access to the best jobs, received special treatment under the law, and paid no taxes. Members of the Third Estate paid all of the taxes but had none of the privileges the other estates enjoyed. Members of the Third Estate were struggling under the financial burden, and they resented the fact that the other estates were able to lead lavish life styles while they themselves suffered.
45
What percentage of the French population was composed of members of the Third Estate?
98%
46
What percentage included the combined numbers of the First and Second estates?
2%
47
Which estate owned most of the land?
Third Estate
48
What estate was responsible for all of the taxes?
Third Estate
49
5. What Enlightenment concepts and/or ideals influenced people in France to challenge the monarchy?
representative governments, written constitutions, division of government power among separate branches, free trade and mercantile policies, fair and equal laws, liberty, religious toleration
50
6. In 1788, how did bad harvests in France put a financial strain on members of the Third Estate?
The bad harvests led to a sharp increase in food prices; some laborers had to spend half their daily wages just to buy bread.
51
7. What was Louis XVI’s attitude toward the American Revolution? How did his actions toward the United States contribute to unrest in France?
Louis XVI supported the Americans, not out of sympathy with revolutionary ideas, but with the goal of weakening Britain, France’s longtime rival. He sent financial aid to the Americans, which combined with other financial difficulties to nearly bankrupt France. This financial situation made survival difficult for members of the Third Estate
52
8. How did Louis XVI attempt to solve France’s financial problems?
He convened the Estates-General with the intention of raising money by creating new taxes.
53
9. Consider the distribution of voting power in the Estates-General. Why wasn’t the Estates-General a fair representation of the wishes of the French people?
Given that each estate had one vote and the Third Estate made up 98 percent of the population, the Third Estate was not fairly represented when the group voted on issues. The First and Second estates could always outvote the Third Estate and increase taxes or change laws as they wished.
54
11. What changes in government did the National Assembly include in the proposed new constitution?
The National Assembly wanted to create a constitutional monarchy—a government in which laws define the powers of the king and protect the rights of the people. The proposed constitution decreed that clergy, nobles, and local lords would have no special tax privileges; all titles of nobility would be removed; and more than half the adult male population would be eligible to vote.
55
12. Why did France declare war on Austria?
Émigrés from France were actively trying to convince foreign monarchs to help the French king and stop the revolution. The French people were worried that European nations would soon band together and invade France.
56
1. What event marked the end of the era of absolute monarchy in France?
the execution of Louis XVI
57
2. How did other European rulers respond to the death of the French king?
They feared that the revolutionary violence might spread to their lands. They prepared their troops and joined in the campaign against France
58
3. Why did radical elements come to the forefront of the French government in 1793?
France suffered a number of defeats in battles with other European countries, and the revolutionary cause was threatened. The National Convention was faced by both foreign threats and internal crises.
59
4. Why was the Committee of Public Safety formed? Who led the committee, and what phase did France enter under his leadership?
to deal with foreign threats and internal crises; Maximilien Robespierre; the Reign of Terror
60
5. Describe some measures that the Committee of Public Safety took to suppress opposition.
They undertook a campaign to “de-Christianize” France by closing churches and passing laws that allowed police to arrest and execute any citizen they considered to be opposing their goals.
61
6. List at least four positive accomplishments of the National Convention during the Reign of Terror.
* Establishing free schooling for all boys and girls
* Ending primogeniture—the legal practice in which the eldest son inherited the entire estate of his parents
* Establishing universal male suffrage— the right to vote for all French men gained
* Ending slavery in France and in French colonies
62
7. How did power in the National Convention change after Robespierre’s death?
It shifted from the radicals back to the middle class
63
8. To whom did members of the National Convention turn for help in stabilizing the nation?
Napoleon Bonaparte
64
9. What happened in 1799 that dramatically changed the balance of power in France?
Napoleon seized power in a coup d’etat—a sudden overthrow of the government.
65
Girondins and Jacobins;
66
Who was a key leader in the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre
67
1. After the coup that overthrew the French government, three men called consuls were supposed to share power. Who was really in charge?
Napoleon Bonaparte
68
2. Fill in the table to describe changes that Napoleon made to the following areas of French society.
STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
enlarged Ministry of Police and set up a civil service system to promote citizens on a merit basis
69
2. Fill in the table to describe changes that Napoleon made to the following areas of French society.
CAPITAL CITY
modernized the city’s sidewalks, sewers, and water supply
70
2. Fill in the table to describe changes that Napoleon made to the following areas of French society.
INFRASTRUCTURE (ROADS, SCHOOLS, MAIL SYSTEM)
built a new system of roads, established an efficient postal service, and worked to improve schools
71
2. Fill in the table to describe changes that Napoleon made to the following areas of French society.
CHURCH AND RELIGION
reversed the Revolution’s ban on religion and made it legal again; saved the Cathedral of Notre Dame, which was scheduled to be demolished; kept the church under control of the state; did not return church lands the revolutionary government had taken
72
2. Fill in the table to describe changes that Napoleon made to the following areas of French society.
LEGAL SYSTEM (NAPOLEONIC CODE)
protected the right to trial by jury, affirmed equality before the law, and ended feudal practices that kept peasants little more than slaves.
73
3. What was Napoleon’s plan for defeating the British, and why didn’t it work?
He planned an invasion across the English Channel, but Admiral Nelson defeated his forces in the Battle of Trafalgar off the coast of Spain. He then created the Continental System, in which he ordered the nations he had conquered to stop trading with Britain. But the British found new markets in Latin America and western Asia and ports in Spain and Portugal that were willing to trade with them.
74
4. What effect did war with Spain have on Napoleon and his army?
It weakened Napoleon’s military power because his soldiers were kept engaged in a long series of battles and could not fight elsewhere.
75
5. Why was Napoleon’s invasion of Russia a turning point in his empire-building?
Rather than meeting Napoleon in battle, Russian troops withdrew and burned their own villages and fields to prevent Napoleon’s army from finding food and supplies. Tens of thousands of Napoleon’s soldiers died. He ordered a retreat, but more troops died on the way home, and many soldiers deserted. Fewer than 40,000 soldiers returned from the more than 600,000 that had invaded Russia.
76
6. How was Napoleon eventually defeated?
Britain defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo, and he was exiled to an island
77
1. Summarize the main idea of the subsection titled “Latin American in 1800” in one or two sentences.
In 1800, most of Latin America was made up of colonies ruled by Spain and Portugal. Inspired by events in North America and Europe (mainly the American and French revolutions), Latin American colonists were ready to fight for independence.
78
TOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE
Country or countries associated with
Haiti
79
FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA
Country or countries associated with
Venezuela
80
SIMON BOLIVAR
Country or countries associated with
Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecaudor, Bolivia
81
JOSé DE SAN MARTIN
Country or countries associated with
Argentina, Chile, Peru
82
MIGUEL HIDALGO Y COSTILLA
Country or countries associated with
Mexico
83
3. What is Latin America?
Latin America is the vast area in the Western Hemisphere, south of the United States that includes Mexico, Central America, South America, and islands in the West Indies
84
6. What inspired Spain’s colonies in the Americas to fight for independence?
the American and French revolutions
85
7. Which Latin American colony was the first to win its independence?
Haiti
86
8. Although most Latin American colonies had won their independence, democracy was not established in many areas. What is the reason for this, and what was the result?
The new Latin American nations had no history of electing representatives, passing laws, or charting their political future. The result was that through the first half of the nineteenth century, many governments in Latin America became military dictatorships.
87
9. When the American colonies won their independence, they successfully established a democracy. In Latin America, most newly independent colonies failed to establish democracies. What explains the difference?
The English monarchs allowed their colonies in North America a degree of self-rule. The American colonists, therefore, had some experience in ruling themselves. Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not allow their colonies to govern themselves. Latin American colonists, therefore, had no experience in ruling themselves.
88
10. Complete each of the sentences to describe the following events took place from 1810 to 1821 during Mexico’s path to independence. The events are listed in the order that they occurred.
* Father Hidalgo sees suffering of Indians and _________________. He admires the ideas of ________________.
* Father Hidalgo gives a speech in __________________ that stirs Indians and mestizos to revolt. __________________ join forces with Spain against them in a __________________ war.
* Father _________________ leads Mexicans after Hidalgo’s death. Creole officer Iturbide defeats Morelos and his troops.
* Unrest in __________________ prompts Creoles to support the cause of independence from Spain. Led by Iturbide, Mexico declares its independence.
* Father Hidalgo sees suffering of Indians and MESTIZOS. He admires the ideas of FRENCH REVOLUTION.
* Father Hidalgo gives a speech in DOLORESthat stirs Indians and mestizos to revolt. CREOLES join forces with Spain against them in a CIVIL war.
* Father MORAELES leads Mexicans after Hidalgo’s death. Creole officer Iturbide defeats Morelos and his troops.
* Unrest in SPAIN prompts Creoles to support the cause of independence from Spain. Led by Iturbide, Mexico declares its independence.
89
11. What role did education play in independence for South American colonies?
Wealthy Creoles in Spanish colonies in South America sent their sons to Europe to be educated. During Their education, they came into contact with Enlightenment ideas. They often adopted and brought these ideas back to South America when they returned from Europe
90
1. When Napoleon was defeated, victorious nations met at the Congress of Vienna. What was their goal? What did they agree to do in 1815 in order to achieve a balance of power in Europe?
Their goal was to return to peace and stability. They agreed to restore royal families to power in countries where Napoleon had overthrown monarchs.
91
2. Define nationalism.
the strong sense of attachment or belonging to one’s own country
92
3. Growing nationalism in Europe led to revolution and change in the 1800s. This table provides four examples of where this took place. Complete the table by briefly describing the revolution and change that took place in Greece, France, the Habsburg Empire, and the German States.
GREECE
Greeks revolt against Ottoman rule in 1821; Great Britain, France, and England help Greece win its independence.
93
3. Growing nationalism in Europe led to revolution and change in the 1800s. This table provides four examples of where this took place. Complete the table by briefly describing the revolution and change that took place in Greece, France, the Habsburg Empire, and the German States.
FRANCE
Paris explodes in revolution in 1830 and Charles X is replaced by LouisPhilippe. France declares itself a republic in 1848.
94
3. Growing nationalism in Europe led to revolution and change in the 1800s. This table provides four examples of where this took place. Complete the table by briefly describing the revolution and change that took place in Greece, France, the Habsburg Empire, and the German States.
HABSBURG EMPIRE
Mobs in Vienna demand a greater say in government and rebellions break out elsewhere in the empire—Czechs and Hungarians demand independence.
95
3. Growing nationalism in Europe led to revolution and change in the 1800s. This table provides four examples of where this took place. Complete the table by briefly describing the revolution and change that took place in Greece, France, the Habsburg Empire, and the German States.
GERMAN STATES
Democratic uprisings occur in many states that make up the German realm
96
4. How was Russia politically and socially different from the rest of Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century?
There were no democratically inspired revolutions in Russia as there were in Europe. In Russia, autocrats remained firmly in control. Serfdom still existed in Russia and most Russians were serfs
97
5. What changed Tsar Alexander the First’s mind about introducing a constitutional monarchy in Russia when he came to the throne in 1801?
Napoleon's invasion of Russia
98
6. In _____, Russian army officers staged a rebellion and demanded a _____ government and an end to serfdom. This rebellion, called the _____ Uprising, was quickly put down.
In 1825, Russian army officers staged a rebellion and demanded a CONSTITUTIONAL government and an end to serfdom. This rebellion, called the DECEMBRIST Uprising, was quickly put down.
99
A) Who ended serfdom?
B) When did it end?
C) Why did it end?
A) Tsar Alexander II
B) 1861
C) Alexander II believed serfdom was the major cause of Russia’s backwardness (Russia had fallen far behind western Europe, both socially and technologically).
100
8. Napoleon’s conquest of northern Italy created feelings of _____ in the people who inhabited the Italian Peninsula. They began to experience a new sense of _____ in their shared dislike of being ruled by the French.
Napoleon’s conquest of northern Italy created feelings of NATIONALISM in the people who inhabited the Italian Peninsula. They began to experience a new sense of UNITY in their shared dislike of being ruled by the French
101
Italian leader Giuseppe Mazzini
* Started an organization called _____ _____
* Tried to organize _____ against foreign rule
* Started an organization called YOUNG ITALY
* Tried to organize UPRISINGS against foreign rule
102
10. What effect did Napoleon’s invasion of German states have on the German people in terms of nationalism?
People felt a new sense of unity in their opposition to the French. They began to take pride in their heritage and spirit as Germans.
103
Italian leader Giuseppe Garbaldi
* Participated in a plot to overthrow the king of _____
* Organized Italian exiles in Uruguay (Redshirts)
* Helped people of _____ revolt against the pope’s rule
* Helped Sicilians rebel against their rulers
* Captured Naples
* Participated in a plot to overthrow the king of SARDINIA
* Organized Italian exiles in Uruguay (Redshirts)
* Helped people of ROME revolt against the pope’s rule
* Helped Sicilians rebel against their rulers
* Captured Naples
104
Italian leader Victor Emmanuel II
* Became _____ of a united Italy
* Marched into _____ and declared it his capital
* Became KING of a united Italy
* Marched into ROME and declared it his capital
105
11. Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian politician who fought to unite several German states into a single German nation. Complete the following table to describe his goals and the tactics he used to achieve those goals.
MAKE PRUSSIA A POWERFUL STATE
Overcome Prussia’s rival ________________.
Create a _________________ of German states with Prussia having the most power.
Give all _________________ the right to vote in a new _________________, but keep power in the monarchy
Overcome Prussia’s rival AUSTRIA.
Create a CONFEDERATION of German states with Prussia having the most power.
Give all MALE the right to vote in a new PARLIAMENT, but keep power in the monarchy
106
11. Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian politician who fought to unite several German states into a single German nation. Complete the following table to describe his goals and the tactics he used to achieve those goals.
DRAW THE REMAINING GERMAN STATES AWAY FROM AUSTRIA
Start a war with ________________.
Use German dislike of the French to draw smaller _______________ states to Prussia’s side.
Start a war with FRANCE.
Use German dislike of the French to draw smaller GERMAN states to Prussia’s side.
107
12. After Germany captured Paris, Bismarck declared the birth of the German _______________, and Prussia’s king became Kaiser _______________. France was forced to pay Germany ________ billion francs and turn over _______________ and _______________, two mostly German-speaking provinces.
After Germany captured Paris, Bismarck declared the birth of the German EMPIRE, and Prussia’s king became Kaiser WILHELM I. France was forced to pay Germany FIVE billion francs and turn over ALSACE and LORRAINE, two mostly German-speaking provinces.
108
14. Germany wanted to be a military and industrial power and used the land and money taken from France to achieve these goals after unification.
* Germany introduced _______________ innovation with government-sponsored _______________ schools.
* German students learned to do scientific _______________ that prepared them to develop new ideas and _______________.
* Germany produced new machines of __________.
* Germany introduced EDUCATIONAL innovation with government-sponsored TECHNICAL schools.
* German students learned to do scientific RESEARCH that prepared them to develop new ideas and PRODUCTS.
* Germany produced new machines of WAR.
109
15. Define militarism:
the glorification of military might; glorifying the military might of one’s nation
110
16. Militarism _______________ in European nations in the decades after German unification.
Militarism INCREASED in European nations in the decades after German unification.
111
17. The unification of Italy and Germany changed the map of Europe. The two new nations did away with many little kingdoms, duchies, and city-states. Growing feelings of _______________ had caused much of this change.
The unification of Italy and Germany changed the map of Europe. The two new nations did away with many little kingdoms, duchies, and city-states. Growing feelings of NATIONALISM had caused much of this change.
112
1. During the 1800s, Great Britain managed to avoid revolution by enacting various reforms. Complete the following sentences to describe two of them.
* Parliament enacted the ___________________ Act of 1832 to extend the right to _________________ to more people.
* Parliament passed a second reform act of 1867 allowing all __________________ householders to vote.
* Parliament enacted the REFORM Act of 1832 to extend the right to VOTE to more people.
* Parliament passed a second reform act of 1867 allowing all MALE householders to vote.
113
2. By the late 1800s, the British monarch had become largely a figurehead. Power lay in the hands of Parliament and the prime minister. What does “figurehead” mean?
A figurehead is a person that has a position of leadership in name or form only, but
has little or no actual authority.
114
3. In 1867, Great Britain expanded democratic principles to its colony of Canada by granting it dominion status. What does this mean?
As a dominion of Great Britain, Canada became largely self-governing, with an elected assembly that handled domestic matters
115
4. How did Great Britain expand democratic principles to its colony of Australia?
It had given most of the regions of Australia the right to manage their own affairs through elected councils.
116
5. What was a cause of conflict among the population of Ireland?
The majority of the population was made up of poor Catholic farmers. The minority of the population was made up of descendants of Protestant English settlers and owned much of Ireland’s best land.
117
10. Complete the following to describe the major causes, events, and results of the American Civil War.
CAUSES
The North had become more urban and industrialized.
The South had remained agricultural and dependent on slaves.
Issue of _______________ in new territories
The North had become more urban and industrialized.
The South had remained agricultural and dependent on slaves.
Issue of SLAVERY in new territories
118
10. Complete the following to describe the major causes, events, and results of the American Civil War.
EVENTS
1861: Confederate troops fire on Fort ____________.
1863: Lincoln signs the ______________.
1863: The North scores victories at Vicksburg and ______________.
1865: _____________ surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse; the war is over.
1861: Confederate troops fire on Fort SUMTER.
1863: Lincoln signs the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
1863: The North scores victories at Vicksburg and GETTYSBURG.
1865: LEE surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse; the war is over.
119
10. Complete the following to describe the major causes, events, and results of the American Civil War.
New technologies produced deadly _______________.
Cities and ______________ were destroyed.
More than ______________ people died.
Much of the _____________ lay in ruins.
______________ had been outlawed.
Former slaves were granted _______________.
New technologies produced deadly WEAPONS.
Cities and FARMS were destroyed.
More than 600,000 people died.
Much of the SOUTH lay in ruins.
SLAVERY had been outlawed.
Former slaves were granted CITIZENSHIP.
