Semester A Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Around 500 CE, Teotihuaćan reached the height of its power and influence. The city was the center of an advanced civilization that had developed in the Valley of Mexico between 150 and 750. Briefly describe Teotihuaćan.
A

At its height, Teotihuaćan was one of the largest cities on earth. A structure called the Pyramid of the Sun served as a place of worship. Most people lived in apartment buildings. The city’s streets were laid out in a grid pattern. The city’s temples attracted religious pilgrims, and Teotihuaćan was also a center of manufacturing and trade

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2
Q
  1. The Toltec, who rose to power after the decline of Teotihuaćan, were a militaristic people. What does this mean?
A

They were a war-like people.

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3
Q
  1. Were the Toltec monotheistic or polytheistic?
A

Polytheistic

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4
Q
  1. What is the name of the island on which the Aztecs settled and which eventually became a great city?
A

Tenochtitlan

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5
Q

The Aztec nobility was open to _____.

A

The Aztec nobility was open to COMMONERS.

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6
Q

Commoners included _____, _____, and _____.

A

Commoners included FARMERS, LABORERS, and CRAFTSMEN.

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7
Q

Most slaves were either _____ or _____; some were paying off _____.

A

Most slaves were either CRIMINALS or PRISONERS OF WAR; some were paying off DEBTS.

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8
Q
  1. The Aztecs achieved a high degree of civilization
    Recording the past
A

They recorded their past through pictures in vividly illustrated books.

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9
Q
  1. The Aztecs achieved a high degree of civilization
    Time-keeping
A

They created accurate calendars in stone

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10
Q
  1. The Aztecs achieved a high degree of civilization
    Medicine
A

They practiced medicine as advanced as that in Europe at the time.

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11
Q
  1. The Aztecs had a religion that matched their militaristic ways. Complete the following to describe their religion.
    Priests
    Made up a _____ class in Aztec society; were the best _____ group in society
A

Made up a POWERFUL class in Aztec society; were the best EDUCATED group in society

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12
Q
  1. The Aztecs had a religion that matched their militaristic ways. Complete the following to describe their religion.
    Aztec Gods
    The Great Temple was dedicated to the gods of _____ and _____; the gods preserved the order of the _____.
A

The Great Temple was dedicated to the gods of WAR and RAIN; the gods preserved the order of the UNIVERSE.

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13
Q
  1. The Aztecs had a religion that matched their militaristic ways. Complete the following to describe their religion.
    Sacrifices
    Aztec religion demanded _____ sacrifices to the gods; believed their gods survived on a diet of human _____
A

Aztec religion demanded HUMAN sacrifices to the gods; believed their gods survived on a diet of human BLOOD

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14
Q
  1. The Aztecs had a religion that matched their militaristic ways. Complete the following to describe their religion.
    Effects
    People under Aztec rule were filled with _____ and _____.
A

People under Aztec rule were filled with DREAD and ANGUISH.

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15
Q
  1. Briefly describe the decline and fall of the Aztec Empire.
A

The Aztec Empire began to decline in 1502 when a new emperor, Montezuma II, took the throne. By leading new wars of conquest and demanding more tribute, more and more people came to hate the Aztecs. The end came when Hernán Cortés arrived in 1519 with Spanish soldiers. He allied himself with peoples subject to the Aztecs. Cortés and his native allies conquered the Aztecs, and the Aztec Empire became the Spanish colony of New Spain.

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16
Q
  1. How did the religion practiced by the Aztecs contribute to their fall?
A

The Aztec religion, which included sacrificing people (many of which were captured
prisoners from nearby tribes), fostered dread and anguish among subjected peoples. When the Spanish arrived, people subjected to Aztec rule decided to ally themselves with the Spanish in hopes of being liberated from their Aztec rulers.

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17
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe the “what, when, where, and how” of Cuzco
    What
A

Capital city of the Inca

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18
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe the “what, when, where, and how” of Cuzco
    When
A

Around the year 1200

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19
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe the “what, when, where, and how” of Cuzco
    Where
A

Mountain valley in the Andes;
modern-day Peru

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20
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe the “what, when, where, and how” of Cuzco
    How
A

Hundreds of workers using
llamas as pack animals

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21
Q
  1. What did Pachacuti do to grow and maintain his empire?
A

He slaughtered conquered groups who refused to submit to Inca rule. He allowed those who submitted to continue worshipping their own gods.

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22
Q
  1. Under whose rule did the Inca Empire reach its greatest extent?
A

Pachacuti’s son

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23
Q

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Language

A

Incas made Quechua the official language
of the empire.

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24
Q

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Infrastructure

A

Inca rulers sponsored the building of more
than 15,000 miles of road, along with inns
and storehouses.

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24
Q

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Taxation

A

Each clan group owed one-third of what it
produced to the Sapa Inca, and one-third to priests.

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25
Q

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Labor

A

Every head of a household had to work for
the government for a certain period
each year.

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26
Q

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Communication

A

Trained runners called chasquis carried
messages and news.

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27
Q
  1. How was trade carried on within the Inca Empire?
A

through bartering (exchanging goods and services for other goods and services)

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28
Q
  1. With no written language, how did the Inca maintain the records of their empire?
A

They used quipus—cords with colored strings that were used to convey information.

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29
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe some of the cultural aspects of Inca society.
    BUILDING
    Used _____ chisels to fit _____ tightly together.
    Many buildings remain.
    Moving some stones required _____ of workers.
A

Used BRONZE chisels to fit STONES tightly together.
Many buildings remain.
Moving some stones required THOUSANDS of workers.

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30
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe some of the cultural aspects of Inca society.
    MACHU PICHU
    Located high in the _____.
    Built as a summer home for the _____.
    Includes _____.
A

Located high in the ANDES.
Built as a summer home for the SAPA INCA.
Includes HOUSES, TEMPLES, STORAGE ROOMS, AND PALACES.

31
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe some of the cultural aspects of Inca society.
    GOLD
    Symbolized ruler’s status as a descendant of the _____ god.
    Acquired by _____ and panning in streams.
    Possession restricted to _____.
A

Symbolized ruler’s status as a descendant of the SUN god.
Acquired by MINING and panning in streams.
Possession restricted to EMPEROR AND NOBILITY.

32
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe some of the cultural aspects of Inca society.
    EMPERORS
    Believed emperors were _____ and did not truly _____.
    Upon death, rulers were _____ and remained in the _____.
A

Believed emperors were DIVINE and did not truly DIE.
Upon death, rulers were MUMMIFIED and remained in the PALACE.

33
Q
  1. Describe two factors in the fall of the Inca Empire.
A

Civil war broke out when Huayna Capac died without naming an heir. Shortly after, Spanish soldiers, led by Francisco Pizarro, invaded. Disease, disorganization, and superior European weaponry destroyed Inca resistance.

34
Q
  1. What is the meaning of the term renaissance? What was the Renaissance?
A

The term is a French word meaning rebirth. The Renaissance was a period of artistic and literary achievement in Europe between the late fourteenth and early seventeenth centuries

35
Q
  1. What are some characteristics of the Renaissance and why did it begin it Italy?
A

Some of the characteristics include renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman civilizations, a new philosophy of humanism, and new and creative forms of art, architecture, and literature. It started in Italy because the Italian city-states had never lost touch with classical Greece and Rome. The revival of trade with Byzantines and Muslims brought an exchange of ideas and a level of economic prosperity that inspired many wealthy people to support artists and writers.

36
Q
  1. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
    Dante Alighieri
A

Dante Alighieri wrote the great poem, The Divine Comedy, which tells of an imagined spiritual journey from hell to heaven. The characters in his book emerge as individual humans, not abstract symbols. Dante merged his Christian beliefs with his classical learning.

37
Q
  1. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
    Giotto di Bondone
A

Giotto painted lifelike figures in natural-looking settings. His subjects revealed recognizable human emotions and seemed to breathe from the canvas. Giotto is often hailed as the pathbreaker for Renaissance painting because he celebrated nature and the human form in his art

38
Q
  1. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
    Franceso Petrarca (Petrarch)
A

Petrarch was a poet, priest, and diplomat. As a poet, he wrote hundreds of love poems. As a priest and diplomat, Petrarch visited monastery libraries and searched for manuscripts of ancient Latin texts. He proposed a new educational program that became known as humanism. Petrarch saw no conflict between Christian beliefs and classical wisdom.

39
Q
  1. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
    Baldassare Castiglione
A

Castiglione was once a courtier and a diplomat. In his work, The Book of the Courtier, Castiglione describes how a courtier should act and how he could best serve his prince.

40
Q
  1. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
    Isabella d’Este
A

She governed Mantua on behalf of Francesco and her son. She was considered a Renaissance woman because of her excellent education and because she could play the lute, sing, dance, and discuss politics.

41
Q
  1. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
    Niccolo Machiavelli
A

Machiavelli wrote The Prince, which laid out new guidelines for maintaining a secure state. The phrase “the ends justified the means” is often associated with Machiavelli’s philosophy. Many people consider Machiavelli to be the founder of modern political science; the study of politics and government.

42
Q
  1. What is humanism?
A

Humanism was an educational program proposed by Petrarch, which emphasized the value of the classics—for example, the epics of Homer and the philosophic writings of Plato. Humanism stressed the dignity of man and placed renewed confidence in human potential.

43
Q
  1. Why was Florence the first city to experience the Renaissance?
A

Florence became a wealthy center of Europe’s wool and silk trade. Florentine political life was controlled by the wealthiest families, who also funded many new buildings and artworks. The people of Florence appreciated the classical past and were humanists

44
Q
  1. Besides Rome, what were some of the other cities in the Papal States? Why did Rome become the leading city of the Renaissance?
A

Bologna, Urbino, and Assisi were also part of the Papal States. Renaissance popes used part of their wealth to finance building projects in Rome and to commission artists to produce masterworks of painting and sculpture.

45
Q
  1. How did Venice grow wealthy during the Renaissance?
A

Venice prospered as a major trade link between western Europe and Asia. The doge, ruler of Venice, commanded a trading empire that included posts all along the shores of the Adriatic and Mediterranean, stretching to the Black Sea

46
Q
  1. Why did rulers of the Italian city-states surround themselves with well-educated courtiers, advisers, and attendants?
A

Each ruler wanted his city-state to outshine the others. And each ruler knew that his success greatly depended on the people who advised and served him.

47
Q
  1. Define the term patrons as it was used during the Renaissance.
A

Patrons were rich merchants and wealthy families who supported artists by buying their works or paying them to create new works.

48
Q
  1. Describe how the Medici family encouraged the arts.
A

The Medici family (Cosimo and Lorenzo) spent money on paintings and sculpture; sponsored expeditions to collect classical manuscripts, statues, and coins; and brought painters, sculptors, and scholars to Florence.

49
Q
  1. How did the popes encourage the arts?
A

The popes called on many sculptors, painters, and architects to restore Rome to its former glory. Renaissance popes also built magnificent new churches and palaces.

50
Q
  1. How did Renaissance artists reflect Renaissance thinking and ideals in their work?
A

Some of the artists incorporated classical ideas, styles, and techniques of ancient Greece and Rome. Brunelleschi used an ancient Roman technique to help build his dome. Sculptors and painters tried to make their figures and subjects appear natural looking by capturing movement, individual expression, and the beauty of the human form. They depicted human beings as living individuals, with each figure possessing its own identity.

51
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
    Filippo Brunelleschi
A

Dome for cathedral in Florence

52
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
    Donatello
A

Bronze statue of David

53
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
    Sandro Botticelli
A

Birth of Venus painting

54
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
    Leonardo da Vinci
A

Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, philosopher, and visionary; painted Adoration of the Magi, the Last Supper, Mona Lisa

55
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
    Michelangelo Buonarroti
A

Sculptor and painter; sculpture of Pieta and David; painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel

56
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
    Raphael Sanzio
A

Famous for Madonnas; Fresco School of Athens

57
Q
  1. Explain the spread of Renaissance ideas to northern and western Europe.
A

By 1500, France, Spain, and England had come under the rule of strong monarchs. These strong monarchs sent their armies to invade Italy. The armies brought back to their homelands Italian Renaissance art and ideas. Northern European monarchs became patrons of Renaissance art. They collected Italian artwork and sent agents to Italy to buy ancient manuscripts. King Francis I started a university for the study of humanist ideas. Important cities in northern Europe grew and prospered, and
the wealthiest families in those cities patronized the arts and funded the construction of numerous monuments and buildings. As cities in northern Europe grew and prospered, trade increased, and artists and merchants traveled to these cities bringing with them the ideas of the Italian Renaissance. Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press also helped spread Renaissance ideas.

58
Q
  1. How did the printing press contribute to knowledge and learning?
A

During the Renaissance, the hunger for knowledge and growth in literacy increased the demand for books. Even into the 1400s, most books or manuscripts were copied by hand, which took a very longtime—many months for a single book. This slow process made books very expensive. Governments and businesses needed to find a less costly way to produce books and written records. The invention of Gutenberg’s printing press helped reduce the cost of books. By about 1450, Gutenberg’s printing press could make a thousand identical copies of the same page. Around 1455, Gutenberg printed 180 copies of the Bible, each with 1,282 pages. Books about medicine, philosophy, art, and much more traveled from one end of Europe to another. Never before had so many ideas traveled so quickly.

59
Q
  1. How did the artworks of the Northern Renaissance artists differ from those of Italian Renaissance artists?
A

Italian painters emphasized the beauty of the ideal human form. The artists of the Northern Renaissance also painted with great detail, even if the detail was not flattering.

60
Q
  1. How were the ideas of the northern humanists different from the ideas of Italian thinkers?
A

Northern humanists were interested in using ancient texts to further their understanding of Christianity’s teachings. They wanted to reform the church, which they thought had become too worldly and too concerned with money, power, and land than with people’s souls.

61
Q
  1. When people today use the word utopia or utopian, what are they referring to?
A

They are referring to any vision of an ideal society or to ideas that seem impractical and out of reach.

62
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
    Jan van Eyck
A

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

63
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
    Pieter Bruegel
A

A Flemish painter. He painted detailed landscapes, but is better known
for his lively and richly colored paintings of scenes from peasant life

64
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
    Albrecht Durer
A

A German painter. He painted self-portraits with much detail, but his most important works were detailed engravings. By the time of his death, he had produced almost two hundred paintings, more than a thousand drawings, and hundreds of woodcuts and engravings.

65
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
    Hans Holbein the Younger
A

A German painter. He spent time in Italy studying the works of master artists. He became known for his portraits of wealthy merchants and other important people.

66
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
    El Greco
A

A painter of the Spanish Renaissance. He used oil paints to produce detailed images that used color to convey drama and intense emotion. His art was deeply rooted in his Catholic faith. He was commissioned to paint The Burial of the Count of Orgaz for the Catholic church of Santo Tomé in Toledo, Spain.

67
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
    Desiderius Erasmus
A

A Dutch monk. He wrote the book The Praise of Folly, which criticized
the pope and the church in Rome and offered sharp observations on
various failings of human conduct. It became one of Europe’s most
widely read books.

68
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
    Thomas More
A

England’s greatest Christian humanist. He believed that the church
leaders and royalty of his day were often greedy and power hungry. He
wrote a book called Utopia. The book helped some people see the
wrongs of the Christian church, in which popes and bishops lived like
kings and fought each other for power and wealth.

69
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
    Francois Rabelais
A

A monk and physician deeply versed in humanist learning. He wrote
some of the most popular and controversial works of the Renaissance in
France. Church leaders and scholars condemned his writings as
heretical and obscene.

70
Q
  1. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
    Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
A

A Spanish writer. He wrote Don Quixote, considered by many to be the
first modern novel. His work contains elements of narrative fiction that
would influence later generations of authors and inspire artists and
composers to depict the hero in paintings and music.

71
Q
  1. Describe the Elizabethan Age and its characteristics.
A

Queen Elizabeth ruled England from 1558 to 1603. This period is often called the Elizabethan Age. Queen Elizabeth filled her court with brilliant artists, writers, and musicians. The most active parts of literary life in Elizabethan London occurred in the theater. Theatergoers came from every walk of life, from the humblest worker to the queen herself, to view productions by a gifted generation of playwrights.

72
Q
  1. Who was Edmund Spenser?
A

He was a poet who blended a strong knowledge of the classics, a love of the English language, and a deep familiarity with Italian writers. Spenser wrote an epic poem called The Faerie Queene, which was a series of books. In each book a knight faced a trial to master a virtue, such as temperance, holiness, or courage. The queen in the title was Queen Elizabeth.

73
Q
  1. Who was William Shakespeare?
A

He was one of the greatest English playwrights. He wrote dozens of plays, thirty-eight of which survive today. His plays—including Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Henry IV Parts 1 and 2, and Hamlet— offer something for everyone, from hilarious farce to tender romance to profound insights into human nature.

74
Q
  1. What were some innovations in Renaissance music?
A

Prominent composers wrote madrigals, which were songs written usually for four or five voices. They sang in polyphony, which means the voices wove together independent melodic lines. Madrigals were most often about love, sometimes romantic, sometimes bawdy. At Renaissance courts, dancing was a favorite entertainment, and composers responded by writing nonvocal dance music, usually for performance by a small consort of instruments. Composer John Dowland wrote many dances for the lute, a stringed instrument that resembles a modern-day guitar. Dowland also composed numerous songs for a singer accompanied by the lute.

75
Q
  1. Explain why Renaissance ideas led to scientific advances.
A

The Renaissance interest in inquiry, and the focus on the here and now, opened the way to important
new discoveries about the natural world and how it worked. Astrologers and alchemists were curious
about nature. Their curiosity combined with a new willingness to question ancient ideas created the
opportunity for scientific discovery and laid the foundation for a scientific revolution in the 1600s.