Semester A Unit 5 Flashcards
1
Q
- How did Emperor Wendi, who established the Sui Dynasty, protect the newly unified China and increase trade between northern and southern China?
A
For protection, he ordered extensive repairs and improvements to the Great Wall of China. To increase trade, he ordered the construction of an inland waterway—the Grand Canal.
2
Q
- Describe the changes to the Chinese Empire, in terms of size and geography, which occurred under the Tang Dynasty.
A
The size greatly expanded. China took control of much of central Asia, as well as Tibet and modern-day Afghanistan. China extended its influence into Korea.
3
Q
- Under the Tang, China entered a _____—a time of harmony, stability, and achievement.
A
Under the Tang, China entered a GOLDEN AGE—a time of harmony, stability, and achievement.
4
Q
- The Tang brought back the civil service examination system first used by the Han in an attempt to establish a meritocracy. Define meritocracy and describe two effects of this action.
A
Meritocracy is led by those who have achieved authority through their talents and efforts rather than by birth into a wealthy or powerful family. Helped conserve the traditional values of Confucianism and allowed talented and industrious members of the lower classes to rise in Chinese society
5
Q
- China prospered under the Song Dynasty, which followed the Tang Dynasty. Complete the following to explain why.
Agriculture
A
Song emperors encouraged it and allowed farmers to pay taxes with money. Farmers then had money left over to buy products.
6
Q
- China prospered under the Song Dynasty, which followed the Tang Dynasty. Complete the following to explain why.
Trade
A
The Song government encouraged merchants to trade with foreign countries.
The Song government also exported finished goods and imported raw materials.
7
Q
- Chinese society changed under the Song, partially as a result of the new prosperity. Changes included:
The size of the gentry–the _____ upper class–grew.
A
The size of the gentry–the LANDOWNING upper class–grew.
8
Q
- Chinese society changed under the Song, partially as a result of the new prosperity. Changes included
_____ values were emphasized again.
A
CONFUCIAN values were emphasized again.
9
Q
- Chinese society changed under the Song, partially as a result of the new prosperity. Changes included
Many _____ lived comfortable lives.
A
Many MERCHANTS lived comfortable lives.
10
Q
- Chinese society changed under the Song, partially as a result of the new prosperity. Changes included
_____ _____ benefitted from the new prosperity.
A
PEASANT FARMERS benefitted from the new prosperity.
11
Q
- Chinese society changed under the Song, partially as a result of the new prosperity. Changes included
More _____ learned to read.
A
More WOMEN learned to read.
12
Q
- In the first column, write the name of the poet from the Tang Dynasty described in the second column:
Challenged traditional Confucian morality
A
Li Bai
13
Q
- In the first column, write the name of the poet from the Tang Dynasty described in the second column:
Focused on the problems of society
A
Du Fu
14
Q
- What did the artists of the Song Dynasty focus on?
A
Nature
15
Q
- Complete the following chart to identify innovations achieved under the Tang and Song dynasties.
hard and durable earthenware; came to be called china
A
Porcelain
16
Q
- Complete the following chart to identify innovations achieved under the Tang and Song dynasties.
time-keeping machine that used water as power
A
Mechanical Clock
17
Q
- Complete the following chart to identify innovations achieved under the Tang and Song dynasties.
explosive powder originally used to make fireworks; adapted for warfare
A
Gunpowder
18
Q
- Complete the following chart to identify innovations achieved under the Tang and Song dynasties.
allowed printed books to be made quickly
A
Movable Type
19
Q
- Complete the following chart to identify innovations achieved under the Tang and Song dynasties.
stimulated the Chinese economy; eventually adopted around the world
A
Paper Money
20
Q
- Complete the following chart to identify innovations achieved under the Tang and Song dynasties.
used by Chinese sailors; accelerated global commerce and exploration
A
Magnetic Compass
21
Q
- What was the Silk Road?
A
A vast network of trade route that stretched across Central Asia
22
Q
- List some of the dangers travelers on the Silk Road faced.
A
Dangers include: sandstorms; attacks by bandits; searing heat; lack of water; avalanches.
23
Q
- Besides material goods, what else was carried along the Silk Road?
A
Inventions and ideas
24
Q
- Complete the following to describe Mongolia’s climate, terrain, and way of life.
CLIMATE
A
Rainfalls are rare, and winters are bitterly cold.
25
1. Complete the following to describe Mongolia’s climate, terrain, and way of life.
TERRAIN
Gobi desert and steppes
26
1. Complete the following to describe Mongolia’s climate, terrain, and way of life.
CULTURE
Lived nomadic lives as herders
Carried their dwellings (yurts) with them
Fought among themselves
Superb warriors
27
2. Briefly explain how the Mongols, under Genghis Khan, were able to establish and enlarge their empire in such a relatively short period of time.
They were fierce warriors who could shoot arrows at full gallop from their horses. They were also skilled tacticians who quickly adopted new military technologies from their neighbors. They used terror as an effective weapon in conquering new cities.
28
1. By 1279, the Mongol empire stretched from the Pacific Ocean to eastern Europe. Who was the ruler at this time?
Kublai Khan
29
4. Read each statement regarding the Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan’s reign. If it is true, write “T” on the line. If it is false, write “F” on the line and turn it into a true statement.
The Mongols allowed people they conquered to serve in their armies and government.
The Mongols restricted trade across their empire.
The Mongold often adopted local customs and religions.
Islam was banned in the western part of the Mongol Empire.
T
T
T
F
30
5. What dynasty did Kublai Khan establish in China in 1279?
Yuan Dynasty
31
6. Who visited the court of Kublai Khan and later wrote a book describing his travels?
Marco Polo
32
7. How was the decline of the Mongol empire similar to the decline of other dynasties and empires?
Regional warlords took advantage of growing political and social instability to increase their power.
33
8. As Mongol leaders expanded their empire, tens of millions of people died. It is also thought that Mongol armies carried the _____ _____ westward. Other legacies of the Mongol Empire show the cultural diffusion that occurred:
Millions of people _____.
Introduction of _____ into central Asia
Increased _____ and _____ between East and West
As Mongol leaders expanded their empire, tens of millions of people died. It is also thought that Mongol armies carried the BUBONIC PLAGUE westward. Other legacies of the Mongol Empire show the cultural diffusion that occurred:
Millions of people MIGRATED.
Introduction of ISLAM into central Asia
Increased TRADE and COMMUNICATION between East and West
34
3. What has Japan suffered from as a result of its location on the Circum-Pacific Belt?
Earthquakes and tsunamis
35
4. What effect did Japan’s mountainous terrain have on its economic and cultural development?
People had to turn to the sea and fishing
36
5. What advantage did the Japanese enjoy as a result of being an island nation?
Protection from invasions
37
6. Geographically, how did Chinese ideas and goods spread to Japan?
Through Korea
38
7. Complete the following to show China’s influence on Japan.
Korean missionaries brought _____.
Korean missionaries brought BUDDHISM.
39
7. Complete the following to show China’s influence on Japan.
Japan adopted the Chinese _____.
Japan adopted the Chinese WRITING SYSTEM.
40
7. Complete the following to show China’s influence on Japan.
Japanese capital modeled on _____.
Japanese capital modeled on CHANG'AN.
41
8. What did one ruler of the early seventh century do to build strong relations with China?
sent large groups of scholars, artists, and officials to the Chinese capital
42
9. Briefly describe the following elements of Japan’s culture during the Heian period.
Houses of the aristocracy
Large houses surrounded by gardens
43
9. Briefly describe the following elements of Japan’s culture during the Heian period.
Clothing of the aristocracy
Expensive robes scented with incense
44
9. Briefly describe the following elements of Japan’s culture during the Heian period.
Pursuits of the aristocracy
Poetry, music, dancing, and archery
45
9. Briefly describe the following elements of Japan’s culture during the Heian period.
Women of the aristocracy
contributed to literature (poems and stories)
46
3. By what were the Germanic tribes governed?
Personal loyalty to a king
47
4. Who were the Franks?
The strongest of all the Germanic tribes
48
5. Who was Clovis?
Clovis became the most powerful of the Germanic kings. He was the first Germanic ruler to convert to Catholicism. He formed a united Frankish kingdom with its center in Paris.
49
6. Who was Benedict of Nursia?
Benedict of Nursia was the father of monastic communities in the West.
50
7. How was Christianity spread across Europe?
Pope Gregory I sent many Benedictine monks to spread their faith
51
8. What did the monks do to preserve learning?
Monks copied texts about medicine, astronomy, and law, as well as religious works. Many monasteries ran schools for children in neighboring towns.
52
9. What was Christendom?
Christendom is an area where Christianity is the dominant religion.
53
11. How did Charlemagne maintain control over his vast empire?
Charlemagne divided his empire into local counties, which were run by an official called a count. To keep a controlling hand on the local counties, Charlemagne sent out his own royal officials, called missi dominici, who inspected the work of local officials and reported back to the emperor.
54
12. List at least three things Charlemagne did to improve education in his empire.
* He provided funds to monasteries to build and operate schools.
* He imported scholars from England, Ireland, and Italy.
* He gave monasteries funds and instructed them to care for the great classical works in their libraries.
* He approved the use of a new writing style
55
13. What led to the decline of the Holy Roman Empire?
After Charlemagne’s son Louis died, the empire was divided among his three grandsons. The constant feuding between the grandsons and the attacks by land-hungry invaders led to the decline of the empire Charlemagne had established.
56
1. Why did some Vikings leave their homeland?
Farmland became scarce, so they set sail in search of new lands and riches.
57
2. What were some of the raiding tactics the Vikings used to obtain goods from Europe?
They raided with battleaxes monasteries and churches for the riches they had, and camped closer instead of going home so they could easily go to the next prime plundering spot
58
8. What class system developed as local power shifted away from kings into the hands of landowners?
Feudalism
59
9. How and why did this system develop?
Powerful landowners, called lords, controlled large tracts of land. The lord would give some of the land to lesser nobles or knights in exchange for their loyalty and promise of military service.
The system developed because the lords needed to protect their land from other nobles, and kings had little power outside their personal domains.
60
10. Define the following terms.
Lord
The owner of a manor
61
10. Define the following terms.
Fief
Land granted to a noble or knight in return for loyalty
62
10. Define the following terms.
Vassal
a noble or knight who received a fief
63
10. Define the following terms.
Serf
a peasant who was tied to the land he worked and could not leave it without the lord’s
permission.
64
12. What is a manor? Describe a typical medieval manor.
A large estate in the countryside; since they were far away from each other, separated by dangerous woods, they produced everything they needed themselves
65
13. Describe the castles in medieval Europe.
A castle served as the home for the lord’s knights when they were not in battle and as a place of refuge for peasants in times of war
66
14. What were the duties of the noblewoman?
The lady of the manor or noblewoman managed household affairs and directed house servants. When her husband was away at war, she often assumed his responsibilities for managing the finances of the manor and its estates, collecting rents, supervising farming operations, and settling disputes.
67
15. What were the main duties of a knight?
A knight defended the lord and his territory against raiders.
68
16. What was the code of chivalry? Was it useful in maintaining order?
The code of chivalry was a set of rules of honorable conduct for knights designed to curb lawlessness; no
69
17. Describe the life of a serf.
Serfs spent much of their time in unpaid labor for the lord; they were pretty much slaves.
70
1. Why do historians sometimes call the Middle Ages “an age of faith”?
Because religion unified everyone and nearly every part of life
71
2. Describe the church’s role in the everyday life of most Europeans during the Middle Ages.
The church was the center of village life
72
3. Since most people could not read or write, from what sources did they get their knowledge about faith?
Their knowledge of the faith came from rituals, traditions, statues, painted panels, frescoes depicting saints and biblical characters, and images in stained-glass windows
73
4. How did the church gain political and economic influence on medieval society? Describe some of the influences.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the government was decentralized and weak. The church began to assume duties that are usually associated with government.
74
5. Explain how the church maintained influence and power over lords.
If someone, such as a lord, challenged the church’s authority or broke its rules, the pope could excommunicate him, which means the pope could declare the lord was no longer a member of the church
75
6. What were the reasons for the church’s reform?
The medieval church’s wealth and power led to corruption among some church officials
76
7. Describe the church's reforms during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
Monasteries only answered to the pope, and people became friars
77
1. What significant shift took place in the distribution of power in Europe during the Middle Ages?
It went from feudal lords to monarchs
78
2. What is the origin of the name England?
From the Germanic tribe Angles
79
3. Briefly describe what took place during the Norman Conquest.
William thought he, being cousin, should be new monarch so invaded England and crowned himself king of England
80
4. What was a key reason that English culture changed under Norman rule? How did it change?
Norman rulers' ways and culture with that of Anglo-Saxon subjects to create an English language and culture
81
5. Describe how William I reorganized government in England in terms of the following:
DOMESDAY BOOK AND TAXES
He ordered a survey of the resources in every part of England and used the report to tax and govern effectively.
82
5. Describe how William I reorganized government in England in terms of the following:
DIVISION OF POWER
Gave land to Norman nobles who pledged allegiance to him
83
5. Describe how William I reorganized government in England in terms of the following:
THE GREAT COUNCIL
Assembled a group of nobles to advise and help him make laws
84
6. What influence did Henry II have on England’s standing as a European power, and what was one of his most lasting achievements?
He turned England into one of the strongest monarchies in Europe, and created a more uniform legal system. He made sure that rulings of judges were written down so that later judges facing similar cases could follow guidelines set by earlier rulings.
85
7. How did the early English legal system influence the legal systems of other countries?
English common law became the foundation of legal systems in many countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.
86
8. How did the promises agreed to in the Magna Carta affect the power of the English king?
The Magna Carta limited the power of the king and declared that the king had to abide by the same laws as the people.
87
9. What types of people made up the rising middle class in England in the 1200s?
merchants, artisans, and professionals
88
10. What was the original purpose of the Model Parliament, and who were its members?
King Edward I needed to raise taxes to pay for the wars he was waging, so he called for a meeting of the lords and high church leaders who made up the Great Council, as well as lower clergy, knights, and burgesses.
89
11. How did the Model Parliament set a precedent for the English government?
Over time, it became known as the Parliament and gained the power of the purse, or the authority to approve new taxes
90
12. Fill in the chart with highlights describing the role of each ruler in bringing change to France.
HUGH CAPET
Throne must pass from father to son
91
12. Fill in the chart with highlights describing the role of each ruler in bringing change to France.
PHILIP II
Took control of lands in Normandy claimed by England; appointed also middle=clas people instead of nobles to many government offices
92
12. Fill in the chart with highlights describing the role of each ruler in bringing change to France.
LOUIS IX
Reformed the royal courts to give all Frenchmen a more equal chance at justice
93
12. Fill in the chart with highlights describing the role of each ruler in bringing change to France.
PHILIP IV
Initiated a group known as the Estates General, made up of clergy, nobles, and commoners;
94
13. How did Spain’s government develop differently from those of England and France?
Christian inhabitants of Spain became unified against the Muslims
95
What was the first crisis to strike Europe at the beginning of the fourteenth century, and how did it affect the population of Europe?
A famine in 1315; 10% of the population died
96
2. What do most historians believe was the cause of the Black Death, and how did it spread to Europe?
Bubonic plague, carried by bacteria in fleas living on rats; brought on rat-infested ships carrying cargo from China
97
3. What percentage of Europe’s population is estimated to have died from the Black Death?
more than one-third
98
4. How did the Black Death affect Europe’s social order and the status of the peasant class?
The Black Death helped bring an end to the manor system. Many people died, so there was a shortage of laborers and the surviving peasants could demand higher wages. Serfdom declined and a new class of peasant farmers arose.
99
6. What change did France’s King Philip IV make to the Catholic Church, and why did he make that change?
He moved the papacy to Avignon, France, so he could have more influence in church affairs.
100
7. How did the attitude of European Christians change toward the papacy during the fourteenth century, and why?
After the pope moved to Avignon, many Christians lost respect for the papacy because the popes appeared to be mere puppets of the French monarchy
101
8. Briefly describe events that caused the Great Schism, and the outcome of the Great Schism.
A divide where there was a pope in Avignon, France, and Rome; church council reached a compromise of a single pope in Rome
102
9. What accusations did reformers of the late fourteenth century make against the church?
They accused the church of corruption. They said that many clerics lived in luxury, and did not live out their spiritual roles.
103
10. John Wycliffe and Jan Hus criticized the Catholic Church and called for reform. How did the church respond to the two reformers’ accusations?
The church condemned both as heretics; Hus was burned at the stake, and Wycliffe, being dead after being convicted, had his remains dug up and burned, along with his writings
104
11. How had English kings viewed their authority over France since the Norman Conquest, and how did that begin to change in the mid-1200s?
In the mid-1300s, however, French kings sought to win back lands from the English.
105
12. Describe the key players, main events, and outcomes of these battles in the Hundred Years’ War.
Crécy
Henry III of England, the son of a French princess, decided to claim the throne. At Crécy, Henry’s forces triumphed over the larger French army, but Henry was unable to win back the throne.
106
12. Describe the key players, main events, and outcomes of these battles in the Hundred Years’ War.
Poitiers
English forces under
Edward III’s son Edward
the Black won a crushing
victory over the French.
107
12. Describe the key players, main events, and outcomes of these battles in the Hundred Years’ War.
Agincourt
Henry V of England,leading a force of fewer than 6,000 troops, defeated a French force of some 30,000.
108
12. Describe the key players, main events, and outcomes of these battles in the Hundred Years’ War.
Orléans
French forces led by Joan of Arc routed English invaders.
109
13. What was the ultimate outcome of the Hundred Years’ War?
The English won most of the battles, but the French won the war and took back their lands. The English lost nearly all their land on the continent.
110
14. Who was Joan of Arc and how did she come to play a role in the Hundred Years’ War? After her death, how did her memory influence the French and affect the outcome of the war?
Joan was a French peasant girl who believed she was called by God to lead her people to victory over the English. She led French troops to victory at Orléans, and marched on to Paris. Though she was captured, tried of heresy by the church, and burned at the stake, her memory continued to inspire the French to win battles
111
15. What two key advancements in weaponry were made during the Hundred Years’ War, and how did they change medieval Europe, including the way wars were fought?
Two new weapons—cannons and longbows—hastened the end of two mainstays of the feudal world: castles and armored knights. Arrows shot from longbows could easily pierce armor, and cannons could smash castle walls.
112
16. How did the need for money to wage war change the balance of power in England?
Kings needed money to wage war, so power shifted to the English Parliament, which controlled the flow of money to the king
