Semester B Unit 4 Flashcards
- What led to heated rivalries between Western industrialized nations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
competition by Europe’s great powers to expand their empires; a self-glorifying kind of nationalism
- Many factors led to the outbreak of World War I. Complete the following table to describe these factors as you read to the end of page 659 in your textbook.
ALLIANCES
IMPERIALISM
MILITARISM
NATIONALISM
ALLIANCES
* Discouraged nations from launching a major war
* Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
* Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia
IMPERIALISM
* Ottoman Empire lost its grip on the
Balkan Peninsula.
* Two empires—Russia and AustriaHungary—tried to control the
Balkans.
MILITARISM
* Glorification of military might
* German enlarged its navy to compete with Britain.
* France enlarged its army to compete with Germany
NATIONALISM
* Long years under Ottoman rule stirred feelings of nationalism in the Balkans.
* People in this region wanted to rule themselves.
- People on both sides of the conflict believed the war would not last long. Explain why the British, French, and Germans all thought their young men would be “home by Christmas.”
(a) Britain
(b) France
(c) Germany
BRITAIN
The British felt sure their Royal Navy—the most powerful navy in the world—would easily destroy the German navy. They intended to blockade German ports and choke the German economy.
FRANCE
The French had built massive barricades on their eastern border.
GERMANY
The Germans believed that they would win with a swift strike to France. The Germans also believed that with their Austrian allies, they would then easily defeat Russia.
- Germany’s strategy for a quick victory included a swift defeat of France. What happened in early September 1914 that resulted in the failure of this strategy?
Combined British and French forces confronted the German advance at the Marne River. The Germans retreated, and both sides dug long trenches.
- By the end of the year 1914, how did the reality of the war differ from peoples’ expectations at its beginning?
When the war started, people expected it to be over soon—by Christmas. By the end of the year, fighting on both the Western and Eastern fronts had ground to a stalemate.
- Trench warfare on the Western Front came to define World War I. Complete the following chart to describe the nature of trench warfare.
DAILY LIFE FOR THE SOLDIER
* Rain causes lots of _________________.
* Foul __________ from human waste and decomposing bodies
* Infestations of __________ and __________
FIGHTING IN THE TRENCHES
* Seldom saw the _______________
* Both sides fired powerful _______________ barrages.
* Going “over the top” meant leaving the trenches and making a dash across _____________________ the few hundred yards of bombed-out earth that separated the two sides.
* Advancing across this space was dangerous because of buried ___________________ and ________________ guns.
- Rain causes lots of MUD.
- Foul AIR from human waste and decomposing bodies
- Infestations of LICE and RATS
- Seldom saw the ENEMY
- Both sides fired powerful ARTILLERY barrages.
- Going “over the top” meant leaving the trenches and making a dash across NO-MAN’S LAND the few hundred yards of bombed-out earth that separated the two sides.
- Advancing across this space was dangerous because of buried LAND MINES and MACHINE guns.
- New weapons and methods of warfare introduced during World War I made this war the deadliest war in history up to that time. As you read Section 2, list these new military technologies developed for land, sea, and air.
(a) land
Answer:
(b) sea
Answer:
(c) air
Answer:
(a) LAND
machine gun; huge artillery; land battleship (tank); poison gas (chlorine and mustard)
(b) SEA
U-boat (submarine)
(c) AIR
zeppelin; airplane
- Complete the following sentences to describe why Russia faced a life-and-death struggle on the Eastern Front.
(a) 1914: The ____________ empire joined the central powers.
(b) 1915: German and Austrian armies drove the Russians _____________ miles back into their own territory.
(c) 1915: Tsar _____________ took command of the Russian army and made a series of foolish decisions.
1914: The OTTOMAN empire joined the central powers.
1915: German and Austrian armies drove the Russians 300 miles back into their own territory.
1915: Tsar NICHOLAS took command of the Russian army and made a series of foolish decisions.
- Define genocide.
the systematic destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group
Events Impacting the Great War
Event Effect
Britain wins the battle of Jutland
German U-boat sinks the Lusitania
Britain wins the battle of Jutland
The British navy controlled European waters
German U-boat sinks the Lusitania
Many Americans turned against Germany and
began to think the time had come for the United
States to enter the war against the Central Powers.
- World War I escalated into the first total war. Define the term total war.
a war in which opposing nations use virtually every resource they possess to keep up the fight and involve every citizen in the effort
- Complete the following table to describe the economic and social changes brought about by the demands of a total war.
ECONOMIC
* The British, French, and German governments brought __________ leaders and ____________________ into economic planning.
* Government agencies began setting _______________, determining _______________, rationing _______________, and deciding which industries would get what _______________.
* Planned economies, economies largely organized and controlled by the _______________, temporarily replaced free market capitalism in Europe.
SOCIAL
* Many women began to _______________ outside the home.
* Women worked to support their ________________.
* Women in the Western world began to believe they could _______________ themselves and contribute to their nations’ economies.
* During the war and shortly afterward, many Western governments extended the right to __________ to women.
ECONOMIC
* The British, French, and German governments brought UNION leaders and BUSINESSMEN into economic planning.
* Government agencies began setting PRICES, determining WAGES, rationing FOOD, and deciding which industries would get what RESOURCES.
* Planned economies, economies largely organized and controlled by the GOVERNMENT, temporarily replaced free market capitalism in Europe.
SOCIAL
* Many women began to WORK outside the home.
* Women worked to support their FAMILIES.
* Women in the Western world began to believe they could SUPPORT themselves and contribute to their nations’ economies.
* During the war and shortly afterward, many Western governments extended the right to VOTE to women.
The Ottomans _______________ the Armenians of cooperating with the _______________. In retaliation, the _______________ _______________ tens of thousands of Armenian men and boys. Ottoman troops plundered Armenian villages, raped thousands of women, and systematically deported women, children, and the elderly. The _______________ Armenians were taken to a desert region and left to walk to their deaths. More than a million _______________ perished. This came to be known as the Armenian Massacre.
The Ottomans ACCUSED the Armenians of cooperating with the RUSSIANS. In retaliation, the OTTOMANS EXECUTED tens of thousands of Armenian men and boys. Ottoman troops plundered Armenian villages, raped thousands of women, and systematically deported women, children, and the elderly. The DEPORTED Armenians were taken to a desert region and left to walk to their deaths. More than a million ARMENIANS perished. This came to be known as the Armenian Massacre.
- From 1914 to 1917, the United States remained neutral in the Great War. The reason is that most Americans viewed the war as a _____________________ conflict and didn’t want to get involved.
- From 1914 to 1917, the United States remained neutral in the Great War. The reason is that most Americans viewed the war as a EUROPEAN conflict and didn’t want to get involved.
- The United States ended its policy of neutrality and declared war against Germany, entering the war on the side of the Allies. Complete the following sentences to describe causes for the end of U.S. neutrality in early 1917.
(a) German U-boats sunk the _____________, killing more than a hundred U.S. citizens.
(b) Germany resumed unrestricted _____________ warfare and began sinking U.S. _____________ ships.
German U-boats sunk the LUSITANIA , killing more than a hundred U.S. citizens.
Germany resumed unrestricted SUBMARINE warfare and began sinking U.S. CARGO ships.
- President Woodrow Wilson wanted to defeat the Central Powers and win the war, but he also had a higher aim. What was this goal?
to make the world safe for democracy
- Wilson had fourteen principles to help remake Europe after the war. They called for justice and not revenge. Why did Wilson want a generous peace?
He thought that a peace focused on revenge would cause bitterness among the defeated nations and become the seed for future wars.
- Wilson’s high ideals, as expressed in his Fourteen Points, included the following:
* Self-determination: people should be able to choose their own ____________________
* An end to _______________ treaties between countries
* _______________ of the seas
* Copying or distributing without K12’s written permission is prohibited.
* Removal of barriers to _______________
* Reduction in stockpiles of arms and _______________
* Resolution of disputes over colonies while accounting for the wishes of _______________ peoples
* Creation of the League of Nations with the major goal of keeping the _______________
- Self-determination: people should be able to choose their own GOVERNMENTS
- An end to SECRET treaties between countries
- FREEDOM of the seas
- Removal of barriers to TRADE
- Reduction in stockpiles of arms and WEAPONS
- Resolution of disputes over colonies while accounting for the wishes of COLONIZED peoples
- Creation of the League of Nations with the major goal of keeping the PEACE
- Complete the following sentences to describe four reasons why the tide turned for the Allies leading, eventually, to the end of the war.
(a) U.S. Entry into the War: By fall of 1918, ____________ million Americans join the allied ranks; the Allies go on the offensive.
(b) Italy and the Middle East: Italians hold off _______________ forces weakened by mass desertions; British troops triumph over the ________________.
(c) Abdication: November 1918: Kaiser _____________ abdicates the throne (steps down from power); a new government takes control.
(d) Uprisings: Angry crowds stage uprisings in _____________ and ____________; revolution threatens to break out in Germany; worker go on ______________.
(a) U.S. Entry into the War: By fall of 1918, TWO million Americans join the allied ranks; the Allies go on the offensive.
(b) Italy and the Middle East: Italians hold off AUSTRIAN forces weakened by mass desertions; British troops triumph over the OTTOMANS.
(c) Abdication: November 1918: Kaiser WILHELM abdicates the throne (steps down from power); a new government takes control.
(d) Uprisings: Angry crowds stage uprisings in BERLIN and VIENNA; revolution threatens to break out in Germany; worker go on STRIKE.
- What was the effect of the U.S. entry into the war?
The Allies were able to stop Germany’s last offensive attempt and then go on the offensive.
- When was the armistice that ended World War I signed?
November 11, 1918
- How did many German soldiers respond to the armistice?
Many felt betrayed by their own government. They were angry and wanted to fight again another day.
- How many combatants died during the Great War? How many were wounded? How many civilians died?
Nine million combatants died. Twenty-one million were wounded. No one knows how many civilian died, but possibly as many as nine million
- While the cost of the war in terms of human life was staggering, there was another cost to the war —economic loss and loss of infrastructure. In France and Belgium, farms, entire villages, and _______________ were destroyed. Fighting also destroyed bridges, railroad tracks, _____________ factories, and homes. Nations had to raise taxes and _______________ money to pay for the war. Fighting devastated _______________ and trade. Many companies went out of business and _______________ rose.
- While the cost of the war in terms of human life was staggering, there was another cost to the war —economic loss and loss of infrastructure. In France and Belgium, farms, entire villages, and TOWNS were destroyed. Fighting also destroyed bridges, railroad tracks, ROADS, factories, and homes. Nations had to raise taxes and BORROW money to pay for the war. Fighting devastated BUSINESSES and trade. Many companies went out of business and UNEMPLOYMENT rose.
- The one exception to the economic loss of the war was the United States. What effect did the war have the on the U.S. economy?
Since Americans sold food and weapons to the combatants, the U.S. economy thrived during the war.
- Which countries had the most decision-making power at Versailles?
France, Britain, USA
- Match each leader with the phrase that best describes his position in the negotiations at Versailles. Write the letter of the phrase next to the leader’s name.
(a) sought a generous peace; wanted to help the Germans
(b) governed by a sense of practicality; worked toward a compromise
(c) was intent on punishing Germany severely
David Lloyd George (Great Britain) _______
Woodrow Wilson (United States) _______
Georges Clemenceau (France) _______
(a) sought a generous peace; wanted to help the Germans
(b) governed by a sense of practicality; worked toward a compromise
(c) was intent on punishing Germany severely
David Lloyd George (Great Britain) B
Woodrow Wilson (United States) A
Georges Clemenceau (France) C
- Major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles included the following:
A ____________________ clause that blamed Germany for the war
* The loss of all of Germany’s overseas ____________________
* A demand that Germany pay large war ____________________
* The creation of the ____________________, the organization President Wilson wanted for solving all international problems and disputes
* The breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into the new independent states of _________________,
* _________________, and _________________, and a new kingdom that eventually became _________________
* The restoration of the nation of _________________
* The loss of all of the Ottoman Empire’s territory in the Middle East and on the _________________ Peninsula
A WAR GUILT clause that blamed Germany for the war
* The loss of all of Germany’s overseas COLONIES
* A demand that Germany pay large war REPARATIONS
* The creation of the LEAGUE OF NATIONS, the organization President Wilson wanted for solving all international problems and disputes
* The breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into the new independent states of AUSTRIA, HUNGARY, and CZECHOSLOVAKIA, and a new kingdom that eventually became YUGOSLAVIA.
* The restoration of the nation of POLAND
* The loss of all of the Ottoman Empire’s territory in the Middle East and on the ARABIAN Peninsula
- How did most Germans react to the provisions included in the Treaty of Versailles?
Most Germans, bitter and humiliated at their defeat, did not think the treaty was just. Many Germans were angry and looked forward to a chance to strike back
- Why did the U.S. Senate refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles in part because Republican senators wanted to undermine Wilson, who was a Democrat. The other reason was that most Americans wanted to return to a policy of isolationism.
- What effect did the U.S. Senate’s refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versailles have on the League of Nations?
The United States did not join the League of Nations, which doomed the League to failure.
- How did the Treaty of Versailles help pave the way for a second world war?
The punitive peace treaty imposed on Germany at Versailles resulted in a growing spirit of militant nationalism in Germany. Many Germans viewed the terms of the treaty as unjust and longed for revenge against their former enemies.