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Grade 9 History > Semester B Unit 1 > Flashcards

Semester B Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What were three major motivations for European voyages of exploration?
A

Curiosity; desire to spread Christianity; search for new trade routes to Asia

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2
Q
  1. Why did Europeans wanted to find a sea route to Asia?
A

The Ottomans blocked the land route to Asia

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3
Q
  1. Who is credited with ushering in the Age of Exploration, and what country was he from?
A

Prince Henry the Navigator; Portugal

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4
Q
  1. What were three inventions that helped early explorers sail in uncharted waters?
A

Caravels; light and maneuvarable boats
Compass; allowed sailors to find their way
Astrolabe; helped sailors estimate their latitude

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5
Q
  1. Portuguese traders were the first Europeans to establish trade routes in what continent in the Eastern Hemisphere?
A

Africa

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6
Q
  1. Fill in the chart with information about each explorer: Explorer’s Country of Origin, Country That Sponsored Expeditions, Significant Accomplishments.
    PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR
A

Portugal; Portugal; First to encourage and sponsor sea explorations

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7
Q
  1. Fill in the chart with information about each explorer: Explorer’s Country of Origin, Country That Sponsored Expeditions, Significant Accomplishments.
    BARTOLOMEU DIAS
A

Portugal; Portugal; First to sail around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa

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8
Q
  1. Fill in the chart with information about each explorer: Explorer’s Country of Origin, Country That Sponsored Expeditions, Significant Accomplishments.
    VASCO DA GAMA
A

Portugal; Portugal; First to reach India and Asia from Europe

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9
Q
  1. Fill in the chart with information about each explorer: Explorer’s Country of Origin, Country That Sponsored Expeditions, Significant Accomplishments.
    CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
A

Italy; Spain; First to cross the Atlantic

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10
Q
  1. Fill in the chart with information about each explorer: Explorer’s Country of Origin, Country That Sponsored Expeditions, Significant Accomplishments.
    AMERIGO VESPUCCI
A

Italy; Portugal; Concluded that the land Colombus had discovered was not the Indies, but a new continent

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11
Q
  1. Fill in the chart with information about each explorer: Explorer’s Country of Origin, Country That Sponsored Expeditions, Significant Accomplishments.
    FERDINAND MAGELLAN
A

Portugal; Spain; Captain of the first crew to sail around the world, but died before finishing the journey himself

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12
Q
  1. Fill in the chart with information about each explorer: Explorer’s Country of Origin, Country That Sponsored Expeditions, Significant Accomplishments.
    JOHN CABOT
A

Italy; England; Discovered Canada in search for a sea route across North America

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13
Q
  1. Fill in the chart with information about each explorer: Explorer’s Country of Origin, Country That Sponsored Expeditions, Significant Accomplishments.
    GIOVANNI DA VERRAZANO
A

Italy; France; Discovered New York Harbor in search for a sea route across North America

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14
Q
  1. Fill in the chart with information about each explorer: Explorer’s Country of Origin, Country That Sponsored Expeditions, Significant Accomplishments.
    JACQUES CARTIER
A

France; France; Established France’s claim to the region along the St. Lawrence River in search for a sea route across North America

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15
Q
  1. What dispute did Pope Alexander VI attempt to settle by drawing a line on a map of the Atlantic Ocean? How did the line settle the dispute, and where was it located?
A

The dispute was on how to divide distant lands; it gave all lands east of the line to Portugal, and all lands west to Spain

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16
Q
  1. How did a shift in the map line after the Treaty of Tordesillas change colonization in the New World?
A

It gave much of Brazil to Portugal, leaving the rest for Spain

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17
Q
  1. What were the goals of early Spanish explorers?
A

They wanted to find new routes to Asia and to conquer new lands across the seas; they wanted to win glory for themselves and new lands from the Spanish crown; some wanted to convert others to Christianity; most were in search of gold.

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18
Q
  1. Who were the conquistadors, and what military advantages did they have over the native peoples they encountered?
A

The conquistadors were ruthless Spanish adventurers who invaded Central and South America in the early 1500s; they had superior weaponry and often used treacherous tactics; military advantages included horses, weapons made of steel, and cannons.

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19
Q
  1. Briefly describe the conquest of the Aztec Empire by Hernán Cortés.
A

He took the Aztec emperor Montezuma II hostage and cut off the food
and water supply to Tenochtitlán, the capital city of the empire. In addition, an outbreak of smallpox spread through the city. The Spanish eventually took the city and, on the site of the Aztec capital, the victors built Mexico City as the capital of New Spain.

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20
Q
  1. What empire did Spanish leader Francisco Pizarro conquer? How did he succeed?
A

Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire and its capital city of Cuzco in Peru. When he arrived in Peru he discovered that smallpox and civil war had weakened the once-powerful empire. Pizarro took the Inca leader Atahualpa hostage, and a few hundred Spanish soldiers were able to overcome 80,000 Inca warriors. Within a few years, the Inca Empire had fallen to Pizarro.

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21
Q
  1. In addition to gold and silver, what goods from the New World did the Spanish and Portuguese wish to take back to Europe?
A

indigo, animal hides, food products (including chocolate, corn, tomatoes, potatoes, sugar)

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22
Q
  1. What is the meaning of the title viceroy, and how did the Spanish king use viceroys to maintain control of New World colonies? Give an example.
A

In place of the king; made them control every part of colonist life

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23
Q

What are the 5 class levels in the Spanish colonies?

A

Viceroys, people who ruled Spanish colonies in place of the king; Peninsulares, native Spaniards; Creoles, members of Spanish families that were born and raised in America; Mestizos, mixed race between Spaniard and native peoples; and native people

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24
Q
  1. What was Portugal’s only South American colony? How did Portuguese explorers discover the region, and what did it become?
A

The Portuguese did not realize they had been given any part of South America until the explorer Pedro Cabral was blown off course and landed on the coast. The region later became Brazil.

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25
Q
  1. What parts of North America did the French colonize?
A

northeastern Canada and along the Mississippi River

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26
Q
  1. What parts of North America did the English colonize?
A

the northeastern coast and northern Canada

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27
Q
  1. What was the first successful English colony in North America?
A

Jamestown, Virginia

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28
Q
  1. Why did thousands of English settlers come to New England to establish colonies?
A

They were searching for a place where they could practice their religion in peace.

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29
Q
  1. What was the Columbian Exchange?
A

A transfer of peoples, diseases, plants, and animals between the New and Old Worlds

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30
Q
  1. Where did wheat become a staple crop after the Columbian Exchange?
A

US and other American countries

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31
Q
  1. What export led to dramatic population growth in England and France after it was brought there from the New World?
A

Potatoes

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32
Q
  1. What European diseases killed millions of Native Americans, and which was the most devastating of those diseases?
A

measles, chickenpox, malaria, yellow fever, and smallpox; smallpox was the worst

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33
Q

Briefly explain the ideas behind the following concepts.
MERCANTILISM

A

A nation’s power is directly connected to its wealth; a nation’s wealth depends on the amount of gold and silver

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34
Q

Briefly explain the ideas behind the following concepts.
CAPITALISM

A

Most businesses are owned by private individuals

35
Q

Briefly explain the ideas behind the following concepts.
JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES

A

Investors in the company are part-owners and receive a share of the profits

36
Q
  1. What joint-stock controlled large parts of India? In what country did the company originate?
A

East India Company; England

37
Q
  1. The Europeans also forced Native Americans to work in fields and mines. Why did they need enslaved Africans?
A

To replace the rapidly declining population of Indigenous people

38
Q
  1. Describe the route of a typical trading ship that carried goods and enslaved people between the Old and New Worlds.
A

On the first leg of the journey, ships carried manufactured goods from Europe to Africa. The goods were sold and merchants bought enslaved people. In the second, “middle” leg of the journey, the ships carried the enslaved people across the Atlantic. The merchants bought sugar or tobacco, and then sailed back to Europe.

39
Q

Why was the journey from Africa to America called the Middle Passage?

A

The slave trade crossing was the middle leg of the journey, so it became known as the Middle Passage.

40
Q
  1. Which five European countries eventually engaged in the transatlantic slave trade?
A

Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands

41
Q
  1. What caused unrest in the Roman Church around the year 1500?
A

Some critics charged that church leaders neglected spiritual concerns in their pursuit of power, wealth and luxury. These critics wanted to clean up corruption. The Renaissance caused some people to question the actions and authority of the church. More people called for change when Leo X became pope and proposed raising money through the sale of indulgences.

42
Q

PEOPLE:
_____________________: Pope who authorized the selling of indulgences
_____________________: German monk who wrote 95 theses on why indulgences were wrong
_____________________: Holy Roman Emperor who summoned Luther to trial
_____________________: German prince who offered sanctuary to Luther
_____________________: French scholar whose followers in Scotland became known as Presbyterians
_____________________: English king who broke from the Catholic Church and became the head of the Church of England

A

Leo X: Pope who authorized the selling of indulgences
Martin Luther: German monk who wrote 95 theses on why indulgences were wrong
Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor who summoned Luther to trial
Frederick: German prince who offered sanctuary to Luther
John Calvin: French scholar whose followers in Scotland became known as Presbyterians
Henry VIII: English king who broke from the Catholic Church and became the head of the Church of England

43
Q
  1. Luther’s key thesis regarding indulgences was that salvation could come only through __________ forgiveness and could not be aided through any _______________.
A
  1. Luther’s key thesis regarding indulgences was that salvation could come only through GOD’S forgiveness and could not be aided through any INDULGENCE.
44
Q
  1. What technology helped spread Luther’s ideas?
A

The Printing Press

45
Q

What did Luther think of the Bible?

A

It should be the authoritative basis for all church teaching and practices

46
Q

What did Luther think of priests?

A

The faithful did not need them to interpret the Bible for them

47
Q

What did Luther think of the pope?

A

He question the authority of the pope

48
Q
  1. How did the trial of Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms result in the Bible becoming accessible to more people?
A

At the trial, Luther refused to admit he was wrong and take back what he had been teaching. He was condemned as a heretic. A German prince offered him sanctuary in his castle, where Luther began translating the Bible into German. This, along with the printing press, made the Bible accessible to more people.

49
Q
  1. Complete the following to identify John Calvin and describe his teachings
    * Took up the cause of the _________________
    * Left ________________ and moved to __________________
    * Asserted the authority of ___________________ over any church leader
    * Believed churches should be run by groups of _____________________
    Followers of Calvinism were known as:
    * __________________ in Scotland
    * __________________ in England
    * __________________ in France
    Believed that God had foreknowledge of those chosen for salvation, a concept known as _________________
A
  • Took up the cause of the REFORMATION
  • Left FRANCE and moved to GENEVA, SWITZERLAND
  • Asserted the authority of SCRIPTURE over any church leader
  • Believed churches should be run by groups of LAYMEN
    Followers of Calvinism were known as:
  • PRESBYTERIANS in Scotland
  • PURITANS in England
  • HUGUENOTS in France
    Believed that God had foreknowledge of those chosen for salvation, a concept known as PREDESTINATION
50
Q
  1. Why did England’s King Henry VIII break from the Roman Catholic Church and form the Church of England?
A

Because he couldn’t divorce his wife

51
Q
  1. Complete the following to show how England shifted back and forth between Protestantism and Catholicism after Henry’s death.
    Edward VIII _________________ -> _________________ Catholic -> Elizabeth _______________
A

Edward VIII PROTESTANT -> MARY Catholic -> Elizabeth PROTESTANT

52
Q
  1. How did Queen Elizabeth try to accommodate Catholics in a nation where the only legal church was the Anglican Church?
A

The Anglican Church kept some of the practices of Catholic services.

53
Q
  1. Around 1500, the Renaissance spirit of inquiry led some people to question the actions and authority of the church. They charged that Catholic officials had become too worldly and had neglected spiritual concerns in their pursuit of power, wealth, and luxury. This, and the sale of indulgences, all led to the ________________.
A

Protestant Reformation

54
Q

_____________________: a pardon, or partial release, from punishment for one’s sins
_____________________: a written argument
_____________________: the religious movement that led to the division of Christianity into Catholic and Protestant
_____________________: reformed churches that rejected the church in Rome and followed Luther’s teachings
_____________________: Scottish followers of John Calvin
_____________________: French followers of John Calvin
_____________________: the concept of God’s eternal foreknowledge of those chosen for salvation

A

Indulgence: a pardon, or partial release, from punishment for one’s sins
Thesis: a written argument
Reformation: the religious movement that led to the division of Christianity into Catholic and Protestant
Protestant: reformed churches that rejected the church in Rome and followed Luther’s teachings
Presbyterians: Scottish followers of John Calvin
Huguenots: French followers of John Calvin
Predestination: the concept of God’s eternal foreknowledge of those chosen for salvation

55
Q

What is the cause and purpose of the Catholic Reformation?

A

The causes are:
the Protestant Reformation;
many Christians were turning
to Protestant beliefs; the
spread of Protestantism

The purposes are:
to retain the loyalty of
Catholics by correcting bad
practices and clarifying the
teachings of the church

56
Q

Elements of the Catholic Reformation:
COUNCIL OF TRENT:
Convened by ________________.
Purpose—to clarify the ________________.
Defended _______________ as proper and justified.
Comissioned a new statement of ________________.
Inisisted only the church had the authority to interpret the ________________.

A

Convened by POPE PAUL III.
Purpose—to clarify the DOCTRINE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
Defended INDULGENCES as proper and justified.
Comissioned a new statement of BELIEFS.
Inisisted only the church had the authority to interpret the BIBLE.

57
Q

Elements of the Catholic Reformation:
SOCIETY OF JESUS:
Founded by________________.
Came to be known as ________________.
Were completely obedient to the ________________.
Established schools to educate the ________________.
Helped restore Catholicism in parts of ________________ and Eastern Europe.

A

Founded by IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA.
Came to be known as JESUITS.
Were completely obedient to the POPE.
Established schools to educate the YOUNG.
Helped restore Catholicism in parts of GERMANY and Eastern Europe.

58
Q

Elements of the Catholic Reformation:
INQUISITION:
Purpose—to stop the spread of ideas considered ______________ (against the teachings of the church).
Most ruthless and active in ________________.
Inquisitors ________________ those unwilling to confess the wrongness of their beliefs

A

Purpose—to stop the spread of ideas considered HERETICAL (against the teachings of the church).
Most ruthless and active in SPAIN.
Inquisitors TORTURED those unwilling to confess the wrongness of their beliefs

59
Q
  1. Why did some leaders, including German princes, turn to Protestantism?
A

so they could seize lands owned by the Catholic Church

60
Q
  1. What happened to many people who did not follow the religion—whether Catholic or Protestant—decreed by the ruler of the nation in which they lived?
A

They were persecuted

61
Q
  1. What effect did the Protestant and Catholic reformations have on relations between England and Spain?
A

England and Spain became rivals for control of the seas

62
Q
  1. What did the Spanish monarchs do in 1492 that stemmed, in part, from their devout Catholicism?
A

The expulsion of Jews from Spain

63
Q
  1. Complete the following to identify some of the conflicts that resulted from religious differences in Europe between Catholics and Protestants
    FRANCE
A

Civil war between Catholics and Huguenots
St Bartholomew’s Day 1572: Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots

64
Q
  1. Complete the following to identify some of the conflicts that resulted from religious differences in Europe between Catholics and Protestants
    NETHERLANDS
A

Had been ruled by Catholic Spain
Many Protestants settled there
Protestants in northern provinces revolted

65
Q
  1. Complete the following to identify some of the conflicts that resulted from religious differences in Europe between Catholics and Protestants
    ENGLAND AND SPAIN
A

England supported Dutch Protestants; Spain viewed actions as a declaration of war
Spain sent an armada to invade England; it was defeated

66
Q
  1. Complete the following to identify some of the conflicts that resulted from religious differences in Europe between Catholics and Protestants
    GERMAN STATES
A

Charles V tried to suppress Protestantism in German states; Protestant forces fought back
Religious wars ended with the Treaty of Augsburg

67
Q
  1. Complete the following sentences to describe why King Philip of Spain, who saw himself as a defender of Catholicism, attacked England.
    He wanted to punish _____.
    He wanted to overthrow _____.
    He wanted to protect _____.
A

He wanted to punish ENGLAND FOR SUPPORTING THE NETHERLANDS.
He wanted to overthrow PROTESTANTISM IN ENGLAND.
He wanted to protect SPAIN’S MERCHANT SHIPS FROM ENGLISH ATTACKS.

68
Q
  1. The Thirty Years’ War was a war of ____________________ that pitted ____________________ against Protestants. It was also a war for ____________________ and ____________________ among several ruling families. It began with an uprising by Czech ____________________ against the Catholic ruler of the ____________________ ____________________ Empire.
A

The Thirty Years’ War was a war of RELIGION that pitted CATHOLICS against Protestants. It was also a war for POWER and TERRITORY among several ruling families. It began with an uprising by Czech PROTESTANTS against the Catholic ruler of the HOLY ROMAN Empire.

69
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe the results of the Thirty Years’ War.
    GERMANY
    Population was ____________________
    German princes could rule their domain as ____________________ states
    ____________________ of Germany as a nation was delayed.
A

Population was DEVASTATED
German princes could rule their domain as SOVEREIGN states
UNIFICATION of Germany as a nation was delayed

70
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe the results of the Thirty Years’ War.
    HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
    Signaled the end of Europe as a united ____________________ realm
    Marked beginning of modern concept of Europe as a collection of ____________________ states
A

Signaled the end of Europe as a united CATHOLIC realm
Marked beginning of modern concept of Europe as a collection of INDEPENDENT states

71
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe the results of the Thirty Years’ War.
    NATIONALISM
    A new spirit of national ____________________ and ____________________ was on the rise in Europe
A

A new spirit of national PRIDE and IDENTITY was on the rise in Europe

72
Q
  1. Complete the following to describe the results of the Thirty Years’ War.
    FRANCE AND SPAIN
    A new spirit of national ____________________ and ____________________ was on the rise in Europe
    Spain was left ____________________
    France emerged as the most ____________________ nation in western Europe
A

Spain was left WEAKENED (AND IN DEBT)
France emerged as the most POWERFUL nation in western Europe

73
Q
  1. What effect did the religious wars between Catholics and Protestants in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (especially the Thirty Years’ War) have on absolutism?
A

One effect of the religious conflicts, including the Thirty Years’ War, was the rise of absolutism in Europe

74
Q
  1. Why did Peter the Great send troops to Turkey and Sweden?
A

Russia only had only one major port, and the water there was frozen solid for half the year. Peter wanted a warm-water port with access to the sea. He sent troops to Turkey and Sweden to obtain territory that would include warm-water ports

75
Q
  1. Briefly describe Russia when Peter the Great died in 1725.
A

Russia had been introduced to many new ideas and technological advances from the West. Peter I had made Russia an important European power. But Russia remained a feudal nation led by an absolute monarch and remained dependent on the labor of serfs.

76
Q

1603: James I, a member of the Stuart royal family, is crowned king of England; England and _________________ are united under a single monarch.
1625: James I’s son _________________ becomes kind of England and insists on the _________________ right of kings.
1628: Charles I signs the Petition of _________________—and attempt by Parliament to place limits on the monarch’s powers.
1642: Charles I flees London after attempting to _________________ five members of Parliament; the English _________________ War begins.
1648: The _________________ defeat the Royalists, ending the civil war.
1649: Charles I is _________________ Oliver Cromwell is named England’s lord _________________.
1660: Parliament restores the _________________ after Cromwell’s death; Charles II becomes king; beginning of the _________________.
1679: Parliament passes the _________________ Act.
1685: James II inherits the throne, preferring to rule without consulting the will of _________________.
1688: William and Mary enter London; James II flees; power transitions during peaceful coup known as the _________________.
1689: William signs the English Bill of _________________.

A

1603: James I, a member of the Stuart royal family, is crowned king of England; England and SCOTLAND are united under a single monarch.
1625: James I’s son CHARLES I becomes kind of England and insists on the DIVINE right of kings.
1628: Charles I signs the Petition of RIGHT—an attempt by Parliament to place limits on the monarch’s powers.
1642: Charles I flees London after attempting to ARREST five members of Parliament; the English CIVIL War begins.
1648: The ROUNDHEADS defeat the Royalists, ending the civil war.
1649: Charles I is EXECUTED; Oliver Cromwell is named England’s lord PROTECTOR.
1660: Parliament restores the MONARCHY after Cromwell’s death; Charles II becomes king; beginning of the RESTORATION.
1679: Parliament passes the HABEAS CORPUS Act.
1685: James II inherits the throne, preferring to rule without consulting the will of PARLIAMENT.
1688: William and Mary enter London; James II flees; power transitions during peaceful coup known as the GLORIOUS REVOLUTION.
1689: William signs the English Bill of RIGHTS.

77
Q
  1. What did James I do that angered Parliament?
A

He imposed taxes without Parliament’s permission and refused to change the ceremonies and rituals of the Church of England

78
Q
  1. Why did thousands of Puritans leave England and settle in the North American colony of New England during the reign of Charles I?
A

He was Catholic, and they felt persecuted

79
Q
  1. The English Civil War pitted supporters of the Stuart king Charles I, called _________________, against supporters of Parliament, called _________________.
A

The English Civil War pitted supporters of the Stuart king Charles I, called ROYALISTS, against supporters of Parliament, called ROUNDHEADS.

80
Q
  1. Who led the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War?
A

Oliver Cromwell

81
Q
  1. After Charles I was executed, Parliament declared the end of the _________________ in England. It also declared England a _________________. This period in England’s history became known as the _________________. In truth, power was held by Cromwell, who became a military _________________.
A

After Charles I was executed, Parliament declared the end of the MONARCHY in England. It also declared England a REPUBLIC. This period in England’s history became known as the COMMONWEALTH. In truth, power was held by Cromwell, who became a military DICTATOR.

82
Q
  1. How did the Habeas Corpus Act help Englishmen who wanted to restrict the powers of the English monarchy?
A

It protected people from being illegally imprisoned, so Englishmen could not be imprisoned for simply opposing the king.

83
Q
  1. William and Mary accepted the offer to rule England on the condition that they agree to accept a Bill of Rights. The English Bill of Rights made England a _________________ monarchy, where a ruler’s powers are limited by the nation’s _________________.
A

William and Mary accepted the offer to rule England on the condition that they agree to accept a Bill of Rights. The English Bill of Rights made England a CONSTITUTIONAL monarchy, where a ruler’s powers are limited by the nation’s LAWS.

84
Q
  1. The English Bill of Rights did all of the following:
    * Restricted the powers of the _________________
    * Increased the power of _________________
    * Declared monarchs held their power only with Parliament’s consent, not by _________________
    * Guaranteed basic civil _________________ to the English people
A
  • Restricted the powers of the MONARCH
  • Increased the power of PARLIAMENT
  • Declared monarchs held their power only with Parliament’s consent, not by DIVINE RIGHT
  • Guaranteed basic civil LIBERTIES to the English people

Grade 9 History (16 decks)

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