Semester A Unit 3 Reading Guides Flashcards
1
Q
- Who was Heinrich Schliemann and what did he find while digging in the ruins of Mycenae in 1876?
A
A German archaeologist; tombs containing bodies and a gigantic hoard of precious metal
2
Q
- Who were the Mycenaeans?
A
Indo-Europeans who migrated into Greece around 1900 B.C.
3
Q
- How did the Mycenaeans gain their wealth?
A
By trading and launching raids
4
Q
- What may have caused the Myceanean society to decline?
A
Internal warfare, invasion, or natural disaster
5
Q
- Describe the geography of ancient Greece.
A
Mountains cover 4/5 of the landscape;
6
Q
- Why was inland travel difficult? What was the easiest way for Greeks to travel?
A
Because of the mountains; by water
7
Q
- Why do archaeologists assume the Greeks built no great palaces or fortresses during the period from about 1200 to 900 B.C.?
A
Archaeologists have found no wall paintings dating from this period, no precious artifacts, and no writing of any kind.
8
Q
- List and describe the elements of the Greeks’ shared culture:
A
They were polytheists, and believed their gods to be immortal but human; they explained nature from gods;
They shared epics;
They shared the olympic games;
They shared a writing system
9
Q
- What is a polis?
A
A city-state that is Greek
10
Q
What did Greek city-states have in common?
A
Capitals were walled, had agora and acropolis; and men ruled, but no monarchuy
11
Q
- Why were the Spartans famed and feared as the mightiest warriors in Greece?
A
Because they spent their life either fighting or training for war
12
Q
- Who were the helots and why were they partly responsible for the Spartans being a military society?
A
Because they feared that the helots might revolt
13
Q
- Describe the Spartan government.
A
It was ruled by two kings: one leading the army, while the other ran the city’s affairs; but they shared authority with a council elected by the citizens
14
Q
- Describe Spartan society by completing the following:
Boys and men
A
Were only ones considered citizens; trained from a young age to be warriors, and continued throughout life
15
Q
- Describe Spartan society by completing the following:
Values
A
Valued the virtues of courage, endurance, and unquestioning obedience to orders
16
Q
- Describe Spartan society by completing the following:
Women and girls
A
Women did not participate in the government. They had broader rights to own
property. Girls and young women were not restricted to their homes, and they exercised outdoors.
17
Q
- Describe Spartan society by completing the following:
cultural pursuits
A
None; they focused on war too much
18
Q
- Why is Athens considered the birthplace of democracy?
A
Because it was created there
19
Q
- Describe citizenship in Athens.
A
Citizenship was limited to adult males whose father had also been citizens. Women, slaves, and resident foreigners were not citizens. Less than 20 percent of the population was ever entitled to participate in the workings of Athenian democracy
20
Q
- What is the difference between the direct democracy of Athens and representative democracy?
A
In direct democracy, the citizens directly participate in governmental stuff; in representative democracy, the citizens elect people who does governmental stuff on behalf of them
21
Q
Order the following events:
1. Hippias became a tyrant after the death of his father. He was not an effective ruler and was overthrown.
2. Cleisthenes divided the Athenian population into ten tribes. Each tribe sent 50 members to participate in a council and this council ran the government. His reforms marked the birth of democracy in Athens.
3. One-man rule in Athens came to an end.
4. Peisistratus seized power and made himself tyrant of Athens. He gave land to poor farmers and employed impoverished city-dwellers to work on public buildings. 5. Draco, an Athenian official, wrote a new set of laws laying down fixed punishment for specific crimes. The same laws applied to all Athenians.
6. Solon initiated a series of reforms. He urged wealthy merchants and landowners to hold government office. He also created a body called the Assembly to represent the interests of the lower classes and balance the power of the aristocrats.
A
5
6
4
1
3
2
22
Q
- Describe the major causes, events, and results of the Persian Wars.
A
Greeks revolted against the Persians, so they attacked; there were the battles of Marathon and Salamis, and the Persians lost
23
Q
- What was the Golden Age and who was the leader through most of this period?
A
A time of prosperity and cultural achievement; Pericles
24
Q
- Describe at least three things that Pericles did to improve the society of Athens.
A
He sponsored building programs
He paid government official
He encouraged the arts
25
4. What was the Delian League and what was its purpose?
The Delian League was an alliance between Athens and other city-states. Members of the league agreed to contribute ships and money to help the Athenian navy defend the city-states from the Persians.
26
5. Describe the causes and consequences of the Peloponnesian War:
Causes
Sparta and Athens interfered with each others allies
27
5. Describe the causes and consequences of the Peloponnesian War:
Consequences
A plague swept Athens; civil war broke out; The Spartans abolished Athenian democracy; Athens lost its empire and its influence as a
model of democracy
28
1. What Greek leader encouraged the rebuilding of Athens after the Persians burned the city?
Pericles
29
2. What kind of buildings were the most important and impressive in Greek city-states?
The temples
30
3. What building in Athens is considered the greatest masterpiece of Greek architecture?
The Parthenon
31
6. How did later cultures view the literature of the Greek classical period?
As models of reason, elegance, and formal perfection
32
7. From what activity did Greek drama originate?
performances at religious festivals in which priests sang or recited the deeds of the gods
33
8. What did Aeschylus do that initiated a new form of performance art?
He added a second actor to the performance, and the art of drama was born
34
9. Describe the masks that Greek actors wore.
They had exaggerated expressions to convey their characters' emotions to the audience, and had stuff to amplify their voices
35
10. Describe each Greek writer, including the themes and characteristics of his or her main works.
Sappho
The only female writer we know the name of; writer of first love poetry
36
10. Describe each Greek writer, including the themes and characteristics of his or her main works.
Euripides
playwright of tragedies such as *Medea* and *The Trojan Women*
37
10. Describe each Greek writer, including the themes and characteristics of his or her main works.
Sophocles
playwright of tragedies such as *Oedipus the King*
38
10. Describe each Greek writer, including the themes and characteristics of his or her main works.
Aristophanes
playwright of comedies such as *The Clouds* and *The Frog*
39
10. Describe each Greek writer, including the themes and characteristics of his or her main works.
Herodotus
First historian
40
10. Describe each Greek writer, including the themes and characteristics of his or her main works.
Aeschylus
Originator of drama; focuses on the theme of hubris; wrote tragedies
41
10. Describe each Greek writer, including the themes and characteristics of his or her main works.
Homer
Epic poet; Wrote *The Illiad* and *The Odyssey*
42
10. Describe each Greek writer, including the themes and characteristics of his or her main works.
Thucydides
Historian who focused more on motives and deeds of leaders
43
1. What are the roots of the word philosophy?
Philo, which means love, and sophia, which means wisdom
44
2. Who were the Sophists and what were they known for?
Traveling teachers; skepticism toward traditional ideas
45
3. In the chart below, fill in information about each Greek philosopher.
SOCRATES:
Method of teaching:
Posing questions
46
3. In the chart below, fill in information about each Greek philosopher.
SOCRATES:
Field of study that began with one of Aristotle's works:
Political science
47
3. In the chart below, fill in information about each Greek philosopher.
PLATO:
Topic of *The Republic*:
What form of government is best
48
3. In the chart below, fill in information about each Greek philosopher.
PLATO:
Views on democracy:
It is not good
49
3. In the chart below, fill in information about each Greek philosopher.
ARISTOTLE:
Founded this institution in Athens:
The Lyceum
50
3. In the chart below, fill in information about each Greek philosopher.
ARISTOTLE:
Field of study that began with one of Aristotle's works:
Political science
51
3. In the chart below, fill in information about each Greek philosopher.
ARISTOTLE:
Three categories of governments described in Aristotle's *Politics*:
Monarchy (rule by one)
Oligarchy (rule by few)
Democracy (rule by all)
52
3. In the chart below, fill in information about each Greek philosopher.
ARISTOTLE:
Advice for living a good life:
Follow the middle road
53
4. Match each Greek scientist or mathematician with his accomplishment:
Pythagoras
Democritus
Hippocrates
Eratosthenes
A. Theorized the presence of atoms
B. The "Father of medicine"
C. Calculated fairly accurately the circumference of the earth
D. Devised a formula for determining right angles
A. Democritus
B. Hippocrates
C. Eratosthenes
D. Pythagoras
54
1. Briefly describe Alexander’s childhood.
He was very observant and liked to read
55
2. How did Alexander the Great become king of Macedonia?
When his father was assassinated
56
5. What happened to Alexander the Great’s empire after he died?
It was divided among three of his generals
57
6. Why is the three-hundred-year period following the death of Alexander the Great known as the Hellenistic Age?
It is after the Greeks' names for themselves, the Hellenes
58
7. Complete the following to describe the achievements and spread of Hellenistic culture:
Philosophies focused on the needs of the _____ rather than the _____ ties of the city-states.
Philosophies focused on the needs of the INDIVIDUAL rather than the COMMUNAL ties of the city-states.
59
7. Complete the following to describe the achievements and spread of Hellenistic culture:
Artists in the Hellenistic Age depicted more _____ figures than those of the Golden Age.
Artists in the Hellenistic Age depicted more REALISTIC figures than those of the Golden Age.
60
7. Complete the following to describe the achievements and spread of Hellenistic culture:
Library at Alexandria:
Contains every book ever written in Greece
61
7. Complete the following to describe the achievements and spread of Hellenistic culture:
Research Center
A place where scholars lived and studied
62
7. Complete the following to describe the achievements and spread of Hellenistic culture:
Euclid
Wrote *Elements*, main textbook of geometry from then to modern times
63
7. Complete the following to describe the achievements and spread of Hellenistic culture:
Archimedes
Invented machines such as Archimedean screw, and array of huge mirrors to set fire to enemy ships
64
7. Complete the following to describe the achievements and spread of Hellenistic culture:
Describe how and why Greek culture spread
They exerted an enormous cultural influence over their Roman conquerors, and the Roman conquests would then spread Greek stuff all over conquered lands
65
8. Why did the Hellenistic world begin to decline?
Separate kingdoms could not sustain their strength against Rome
66
9. The legacy of ancient Greece can be found in four major areas. Complete the chart to describe this legacy.
Humanities and Culture
Greek language and mythology
Philosophy--seeking truth and wisdom
History as a discipline of study
The Olympiad
67
9. The legacy of ancient Greece can be found in four major areas. Complete the chart to describe this legacy.
Fine Arts
Lifelike sculptures of idealized human forms
Classical architecture--symmetry and balance
Drama (comedy and tragedy)
68
9. The legacy of ancient Greece can be found in four major areas. Complete the chart to describe this legacy.
Politics and Government
Direct democracy
Trial by peers
The concept of citizenship
69
9. The legacy of ancient Greece can be found in four major areas. Complete the chart to describe this legacy.
Science and Technology
Habits of scientific observation and inquiry
Advancements in geometry and physics
Insights in geography and mapmaking
70
1. According to Roman legend, when was Rome founded?
753 B.C.
71
2. In one sentence, summarize the founding of the Roman Republic.
The Roman Republic was founded in 509 B.C. when the patricians, Rome’s wealthiest citizens, rebelled and overthrew the Etruscan king who ruled Rome.
72
Define republic.
A government in which citizens elect their leaders
73
Define Representative Democracy.
A democracy in which eligible citizens elect leaders who represent them with a vote in the assembly
74
4. Describe patricians and plebeians— the two major classes of Roman citizens.
Patricians were wealthy landowners; plebeians were all the rest
75
5. Which groups of people were not considered Roman citizens?
Women, non-Romans, and slaves
76
6. Briefly describe Rome’s first set of written laws and their importance in the Roman Republic.
The Twelve Tables were Rome’s first set of written laws. They listed the rights and responsibilities of all citizens. They spelled out criminal and religious laws. The laws applied to rich and poor alike. Judges had to base their decisions on laws rather than on whims.
77
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
LEGISLATIVE:
The power to make _____ belonged to the _____ and the citizen _____.
The power to make LAWS belonged to the SENATE and the citizen ASSEMBLIES.
78
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
LEGISLATIVE:
The most powerful body in the government: _____.
The most powerful body in the government: SENATE.
79
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
LEGISLATIVE:
Tribunes gained the power to _____ acts of the Senate.
Tribunes gained the power to VETO acts of the Senate.
80
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
LEGISLATIVE:
Senators served terms for _____ and _____ laws passed by the citizen assemblies.
Senators served terms for LIFE and APPROVED laws passed by the citizen assemblies.
81
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
LEGISLATIVE:
Tribal Assembly elected _____ who safeguarded the rights of _____.
Tribal Assembly elected TRIBUNES who safeguarded the rights of PLEBEIANS.
82
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
EXECUTIVE:
The power to carry out laws belonged to officials called _____.
The power to carry out laws belonged to officials called MAGISTRATES.
83
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
EXECUTIVE:
Two highest magistrates were called _____ and were responsible for overseeing much of the _____ and the _____.
Two highest magistrates were called CONSULS and were responsible for overseeing much of the GOVERNMENT and the ARMY.
84
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
EXECUTIVE:
List the limits to the power of the Consuls:
_____
_____
List the limits to the power of the Consuls:
ONE-YEAR TERMS
EITHER CONSUL COULD FORBID ACTIONS OF THE OTHER
85
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
JUDICIAL:
The _____ Assembly acted as the highest _____ of appeals in cases involving capital punishment.
The CENTURIATE Assembly acted as the highest COURT of appeals in cases involving capital punishment.
86
Complete the following to describe some of the important elements of Rome’s representative government.
JUDICIAL:
_____ served _____-year terms, acting as _____ in civil and criminal cases.
PRAETORS served ONE-year terms, acting as JUDGES in civil and criminal cases.
87
8. How and why were dictators occasionally appointed during the Roman Republic?
The consuls could appoint a dictator with approval of the Senate. Dictators were appointed in times of serious trouble so that a single leader with absolute power could save Rome from disaster. Dictators could rule for no more than six months.
88
9. Think about what you read regarding Rome’s republican government and Cincinnatus. What did the Romans of this period value?
Romans valued duty to the state
89
1. Why was the Roman army so effective?
It was powerful and well-disciplined; made of units called legions; it used effective tactics; and there was constant training and fierce loyalty
90
2. Briefly describe three major causes of the Punic Wars.
Romans decided to stop Carthage from taking over Sicily; Rome was interested in the plunder war might bring; Romans were concerned that Carthage might expand into Italy
91
4. What was the result of the Punic Wars in terms of Rome’s territorial expansion?
North Africa became a Roman province. Rome controlled all the western Mediterranean and most of Spain
92
5. In 264 B.C., when the First Punic War started, the borders of the Roman Republic were within which present day country?
Italy
93
6. In 146 B.C., how far west did the Roman Empire extend?
Spain
94
8. How did the Roman Republic maintain power and control in the lands around the Mediterranean Sea it had conquered?
It organized conquered territories into provinces
95
9. Complete the following to show the changes that were occurring in Rome around 100 B.C. In each rectangle, write a sentence or phrase that describes the problem. Farmers
Could not pay rents, so driven from their farms
96
9. Complete the following to show the changes that were occurring in Rome around 100 B.C. In each rectangle, write a sentence or phrase that describes the problem. Poor and Rich
Riches from latifundia created a growing divide between the rich and the poor.
97
9. Complete the following to show the changes that were occurring in Rome around 100 B.C. In each rectangle, write a sentence or phrase that describes the problem. Rome's Northern Border
Tribes harassed thinly stretched Roman legions.
98
9. Complete the following to show the changes that were occurring in Rome around 100 B.C. In each rectangle, write a sentence or phrase that describes the problem. Conquered Cities
Grew restless
99
9. Complete the following to show the changes that were occurring in Rome around 100 B.C. In each rectangle, write a sentence or phrase that describes the problem. Urban Problems
Landless farmers and unemployed vets crowded into Rome; riots broke out.
100
9. Complete the following to show the changes that were occurring in Rome around 100 B.C. In each rectangle, write a sentence or phrase that describes the problem. Enslaved People
Launched revolts against their masters
101
10. What did the Gracchi do that angered patricians?
They pushed for land-reform laws to redistribute public lands to poor soldiers and small farmers and extended Roman citizenship
102
11. What did Gaius Marius do that changed the Roman army?
He raised an enormous army of unemployed farmers and workers that was loyal to him, not to the republic.
103
12. What problems, if any, did the Roman Republic begin to experience that were similar to the problems previous empires had faced?
Too big
104
1. Complete the following timeline to trace Julius Caesar’s rise to power.
Caesar demonstrates skill as a general during campaigns in _____.
Caesar demonstrates skill as a general during campaigns in GAUL.
105
1. Complete the following timeline to trace Julius Caesar’s rise to power.
Caesar is appointed _____ and military leader of Gaul.
Caesar is appointed GOVERNOR and military leader of Gaul.
106
1. Complete the following timeline to trace Julius Caesar’s rise to power.
Caesar amasses a large, loyal personal _____; he is ordered to Rome.
Caesar amasses a large, loyal personal ARMY; he is ordered to Rome.
107
1. Complete the following timeline to trace Julius Caesar’s rise to power.
Caesar crosses the _____ into Rome; setting the stage for civil war.
Caesar crosses the RUBICON into Rome; setting the stage for civil war.
108
1. Complete the following timeline to trace Julius Caesar’s rise to power.
Caesar, having defeated his enemies, is declared _____ for life.
Caesar, having defeated his enemies, is declared DICTATOR for life.
109
1. Complete the following timeline to trace Julius Caesar’s rise to power.
Caesar becomes _____ and rules with two others in the First Triumvirate.
Caesar becomes CONSUL and rules with two others in the First Triumvirate.
110
2. Briefly describe three things Caesar accomplished during his rule.
Organized the administration of provinces
Lowered taxes and gave land and food to the poor
Established a new calendar
111
3. Why was Caesar assassinated?
Senators feared he'd declare himself king
112
4. Complete the following timeline to describe how Rome changed from a republic to an empire.
Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at _____.
Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at THE BATLE OF ACTIUM.
113
4. Complete the following timeline to describe how Rome changed from a republic to an empire.
The Senate declares _____ *Augustus*; he becomes Caesar Augustus.
The Senate declares OCTAVIAN *Augustus*; he becomes Caesar Augustus.
114
4. Complete the following timeline to describe how Rome changed from a republic to an empire.
Augustus secures his _____ over a 41-year reign; a line of emperors succeeds him.
Augustus secures his SUPREMACY over a 41-year reign; a line of emperors succeeds him.
115
4. Complete the following timeline to describe how Rome changed from a republic to an empire.
Octavian declares the _____ restored; makes a show of returning power to the people of Rome.
Octavian declares the REPUBLIC restored; makes a show of returning power to the people of Rome.
116
4. Complete the following timeline to describe how Rome changed from a republic to an empire.
Octavian rallies troops loyal to Caesar after Caesar's death; rules with two others as the _____ Triumvirate.
Octavian rallies troops loyal to Caesar after Caesar's death; rules with two others as the SECOND Triumvirate.
117
4. Complete the following timeline to describe how Rome changed from a republic to an empire.
The Senate gives Augustus new powers; he becomes Rome's first _____ (in fact, though not in name)
The Senate gives Augustus new powers; he becomes Rome's first EMPEROR (in fact, though not in name)
118
5. The Roman Empire achieved many accomplishments during the Pax Romana—the period of prosperity and relative calm between about 30 B.C. and A.D. 180. Complete the following chart to describe some of these achievements
Uniformity
* one official language
* one system of coinage, weights, and measures
* one government administration
* one body of law
119
5. The Roman Empire achieved many accomplishments during the Pax Romana—the period of prosperity and relative calm between about 30 B.C. and A.D. 180. Complete the following chart to describe some of these achievements
Infrastructure
* roads and bridges
* aqueducts
* new cities
* fire brigades in Rome
* police force
* majestic temples and grand public buildings
120
5. The Roman Empire achieved many accomplishments during the Pax Romana—the period of prosperity and relative calm between about 30 B.C. and A.D. 180. Complete the following chart to describe some of these achievements
Economics
* census to clean up the messy Roman tax system
* vast network of trade
121
5. The Roman Empire achieved many accomplishments during the Pax Romana—the period of prosperity and relative calm between about 30 B.C. and A.D. 180. Complete the following chart to describe some of these achievements
Empire
* turned Egypt into a Roman province
* brought peace to troubled provinces
* expanded Rome’s northern border
* brought a sense of order and stability
122
6. What was an important result of the calm and peace Rome experienced during the Pax Romana?
Roman culture thrived and spread throughout the empire.
123
1. Describe some differences in the lives of wealthy Romans and poor Romans during the Pax Romana.
Wealthy Romans lived splendidly; poor Romans relied on the dole, and lived in homes with inadequate facilities and in streets with crime
124
2. What were two ways that Roman emperors tried to keep Roman citizens happy?
Bread and circuses
125
3. Name two important public arenas in Rome.
Circus Maximus and the Colosseum
126
4. What percentage of the Roman population served as slaves?
1/3
127
5. What were some of the duties of slaves in private Roman households?
running their master’s business, tutoring, teaching
128
6. Describe the life of a slave who worked on a farm or in a mine.
Their lives were harder than those of slaves in private households. They might be whipped, branded, or shackled
129
7. Describe the structure of a typical Roman family.
Roman families were ruled by the paterfamilias—the male head of the household. In most cases wives remained under the control of their father rather than their husband. Roman women managed household finances and oversaw the slaves. Boys were educated to prepare them for careers in government.
130
8. What key element of religion did the Romans borrow from the Greeks?
They took Greek deities and gave them Roman names
131
9. Who is considered Rome’s greatest poet, and what were some characteristics of his works?
Virgil; His works idealize the ancestors of the Romans and also the hardworking farmers who made Rome’s greatness possible. Virgil’s characters personify the Roman values of self-sacrifice and loyalty to the paterfamilias
132
10. What is Cicero known for?
Cicero was a great Roman public speaker, or orator
133
11. Name at least three Roman engineering and architectural innovations and achievements.
the invention of concrete, the dome, aqueducts, public baths, an extensive road system
134
12. What advancements in medicine did the physician Galen bring about?
In studying anatomy, he made important discoveries such as the fact that blood, not air, flows through the arteries. His writings on human anatomy remained the authority for medicine in Europe until the 1600s.
135
13. What were Ptolemy’s most valuable achievements?
He accurately predicted the paths of the planets and stars.
He wrote a treatise on geography that included a detailed world map.
136
What was the policy of the Roman Empire regarding religion in its provinces?
People are allowed to worship their own gods as long as the also honored the Roman gods.
137
2. Who were Zealots and what prophecy did they remind Jews of?
Zealots were a small group of Jews living in Judea who were opposed to Hellenism and Roman rule. They reminded other Jews of a prophecy predicting the coming of the Messiah
138
3. Jesus lived in _____, just north of the Roman province of _____. He was a _____ who would have studied the Torah. As an adult, he was _____ by his cousin John, and then began a new life as a wandering _____.
Jesus lived in NAZARETH, just north of the Roman province of JUDEA. He was a JEW who would have studied the Torah. As an adult, he was BAPTIZED by his cousin John, and then began a new life as a wandering PREACHER.
139
4. What do the Gospels say was the reason for Jesus’ crucifixion?
Jewish leaders turned him over to Romans
140
5. What did followers of Jesus offer as proof that he was the Messiah?
He came back to life
141
6. According to the Bible, what did Jesus do when he appeared to his apostles after his death?
He prepared them to go and tell people about his teachings
142
7. Who was Paul of Tarsus and how did he help spread Christianity?
A man who formerly despised Christianity; by turning it into a religion that appealed to gentiles
143
11. Complete the following to show the reasons for, and results of, the persecution of Christians by Roman leaders.
Romans viewed Christianity as a _____.
Romans viewed Christianity as a THREAT.
144
11. Complete the following to show the reasons for, and results of, the persecution of Christians by Roman leaders.
Romans _____ Christians.
Romans PERSECUTED Christians.
145
11. Complete the following to show the reasons for, and results of, the persecution of Christians by Roman leaders.
The number of Christians _____.
The number of Christians INCREASED.
146
12. Complete the following to show the three main provisions of Constantine’s Edict of Milan that helped increase the number of Christians and spread the new religion. All _____ are free to exist in _____.
All RELIGIONS are free to exist in ROME.
147
12. Complete the following to show the three main provisions of Constantine’s Edict of Milan that helped increase the number of Christians and spread the new religion. Christians are no longer to be _____.
Christians are no longer to be PERSECUTED.
148
12. Complete the following to show the three main provisions of Constantine’s Edict of Milan that helped increase the number of Christians and spread the new religion. Christianity is a _____ recognized _____.
Christianity is a LEGALLY recognized FAITH.
149
13. Briefly describe how the early Christian church organized its clergy.
Local leaders were called bishops. Bishops were assisted by deacons. Priests led religious services. The bishop of Rome became known as the pope.
150
14. To create an organized Christian theology, church leaders attended the _____ to set out some basic tenets of Christian faith.
To create an organized Christian theology, church leaders attended the COUNCIL OF NICAEA to set out some basic tenets of Christian faith.
151
1. Complete the following table to summarize the problems the Roman Empire faced after 200 CE.
Political
There was a lack of strong leaders; civil war over emperorship; and emperors not spending enough time to address the empire's problems
152
1. Complete the following table to summarize the problems the Roman Empire faced after 200 CE.
Military
They depended on paid soldiers
153
1. Complete the following table to summarize the problems the Roman Empire faced after 200 CE.
Economic and Social
There was severe inflation, less trade, epidemic outbreaks, and more taxes
154
2. Why did Diocletian split the empire into two sections after he came to power in 284?
Because it was too big to govern by one man
155
3. What did Diocletian do to address the problem of conflicts over succession?
Each Augustus would have a Caesar who would succeed them
156
4. Why did Constantine move the capital to Byzantium?
There was more trade
